The performance of the vehicular communication-clustering process

For the new wireless systems and beyond, the intelligent transportation system is considered as one of the main features that could be covered in the new research topics. Furthermore, both high-speed data transmission and data processing play a crucial role for these generations. Our work covers two main propositions in order to attain an improvement in such intelligent systems performance. A clustering algorithm is proposed and presented for grouping mobile nodes based on their speeds with some modified head assignments processes. This will be combined with a parallel-processing technique that enhances the QoS. Mainly, this work concerns enhancing the V2V data transmission and the processing speed. Thus, a wavelet processing stage has been imposed to optimize the transmitted power phenomenon. In order to check the validity of such proposition, five main efficiency factors have been investigated; namely complementary cumulative distributions, bit rates, energy efficiency, the lifetime of cluster head and the ordinary nodes reattaching-head average times.

Robust Vehicular Communications Using the Fast-Frequency-Hopping-OFDM Technology and the MIMO Spatial Multiplexing

Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication is one of the more emerging technologies in the 21st century from either the comfortable transportation or safer transportation point of view. Vehicle-to-Vehicle communication has one crucial factor, which is the huge information to be shared among vehicles, such as the position, the road data. In such situation, the accurate information sharing process is the most important factor in order to make the vehicles operating in the most feasible way. This work proposes a more robust vehicle communication system to make the existing vehicle transportation system more efficient. In this paper, we propose a fast frequency hopping orthogonal frequency division multiplexing to mitigate the Doppler spread effect on our previously published clustering benchmark.  This benchmark contains both of a clustering weighting factor based stage and a multiparallel processing stage. This is in addition to modify the PHY layer of the existing IEEE 802.11p standard in order to impose Multiple Input Multiple Output for higher throughput purposes.The results show a noticeable stability compared to our previously published work. Furthermore, the results are almost exceeds the achieved results from the Lower-ID Distributed Clustering Algorithm (DCA) from both of the speed and communication range

Fatores associados com a resistência a Ciprofloxacina e Levofloxacina em Bacilos Gram-Negativos isolados de infecções do trato urinário

Background and Objectives: Fluoroquinolones represent a class of amtimicrobials which isfrequently prescribed for the treatment of urinary tract infections (UTIs) of both hospital and community origin. This study aims, to determine the frequency and the factors associated with resistance to ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin in gram-negative bacilli isolated from patients with UTIs treated in a hospital in southern Brazil. Methods: It was performed a transversal and analytical study based on cases of urinary tract infection caused by gram-negative bacteria (GNB) from patients at the Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Jr. in Rio Grande/RS from August 2012 to July 2013. Independent variables such as the age and sex of patients, source of infection of the UTI and the characteristics of the bacterial isolates were analyzed. Results: Of the 562 GNB isolated andanalyzed, the total frequencies of ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance were, respectively, 25.5% and 23.3%, 62.6% community origin and 59% in hospital origin. The risk factors associated with ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin resistance were male patients, infections acquired in the hospital, longer hospitalization times, and the presence of extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) in the clinical isolates. Conclusions:The results showed strong association between GNB resistancewith the time spent in the hospital and the presence of ESBLs. To control antibiotic resistance andthe reduction the costs in public health, it is necessary that thehospitals have a strong policy ofcontinues vigilanceof the use of and of the resistance of antibiotics. KEYWORDS: Bacteria. Fluoroquinolones. Cross Infection.Justificativa e objetivos: As fluoroquinolonas representam uma classe de antimicrobianos que é frequentemente prescrita no tratamento de infecções do trato urinário (ITU), tanto de origem hospitalar como originárias da comunidade. Este estudo tem como objetivo,determinar a frequência de resistência à ciprofloxacina e levofloxacina, além de seus fatores associados em bacilos Gram negativos (BGN) isolados de pacientes com ITU em um hospital no Sul do Brasil. Métodos: foi realizado um estudo transversal e analítico, baseado em casos de infecções do trato urinário causadas por bactérias gram-negativas provenientes de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Universitário Dr. Miguel Riet Correa Jr. em Rio Grande/RS, de agosto de 2012 a julho 2013. Foram analisadas variáveis independentes como idade, sexo, origem da infecção e características dos isolados clínicos bacterianos. Resultados:Dos 562 BGN isolados e analisados, foi encontrado uma frequência de resistência à ciprofloxacina e à levofloxacina de 25,5 e 23,3%, respectivamente, 62,6% de origem comunitária e 59% de origem hospitalar. Os fatores de risco associados à resistência a ciprofloxacina e levofloxacina, foram pacientes do gênero masculino, infecções adquiridas no ambiente hospitalar, commaior tempo de internação, e apresença de β-lactamases de espectro estendido (ESBL) nos isolados clínicos. Conclusões:Os resultados mostraram uma forte associação da resistência bacteriana de BGN com a permanência no ambiente hospitalar e a presença de ESBL. A fim de controlar a resistência antimicrobiana e a redução nos custos em saúde pública torna-se necessário que os hospitais tenham uma forte política de vigilância contínua do uso e da resistência de antibióticos

Re‐evaluation of stannous chloride (E 512) as food additive

The Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of stannous chloride and stannous chloride dihydrate (E 512) as food additives. The Panel considered that adequate exposure and toxicity data were available. Stannous chloride is only permitted as food additives in one food category and no reply on the actual use level of stannous chloride (E 512) as a food additive and on its concentration in food was provided by any interested party. According to the Mintel's Global New Products Database (GNPD), stannous chloride was not labelled on any products in the EU nor in Norway. The regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario is based on the maximum permitted levels (MPLs) for stannous chloride (E 512), which is 25 mg Sn/kg. The mean exposure to stannous chloride (E 512) from its use as a food additive was below 1.3 μg Sn/kg body weight (bw) per day for all age groups. The 95th percentile of exposure to stannous chloride (E 512) ranged from 0.0 μg Sn/kg bw per day in all groups to 11.2 μg Sn/kg bw per day in adults. Absorption of stannous chloride from the gastrointestinal tract is low there is no concern with respect to carcinogenicity and genotoxicity. Gastrointestinal irritation was reported in humans after ingestion of a bolus dose of 40 mg Sn. The Panel concluded that stannous chloride (E 512) is of no safety concern in this current authorised use and use levels

Yeşil mimarlık ilkeleri :yeşil ödüllerin değerlendirme ölçütleri üzerine bir araştırma.

The present thesis focuses on “green awards” in architecture. It aims at searching out the principles of “green architecture” through a comparative analysis of leading awards in this domain. In order to represent the essence of the green movement in general, the process which it passed through the decades in response to the existing impacts of human activities on the environment is first reviewed. The concepts of green, ecological and sustainable architecture are discussed in this context. Then the international award programs established to promote environmentally appropriate practices in architectural design and construction are studied. Four awards selected among others are analyzed in detail with a special focus on the evaluation criteria. The criteria are compared with each other with the objective to find out recurrent parameters of green architecture in different awards, and a set of criteria is obtained from the comparative analysis of the awards. In the fourth chapter, case studies selected among the nominated projects in the awards are analyzed in detailed by using the evaluation criteria obtained. As a result of this study on the green awards and selected projects of best practice, the principles which define a green building or project are discussed in the conclusion.M.Arch. - Master of Architectur

Narrowband Internet-of-Things to Enhance the Vehicular Communications Performance

The interest in vehicle-to-vehicle communication has gained a high demand in the last decade. This is due to the need for safe and robust smart communication, while this type of communication is vulnerable to latency and power. Therefore, this work proposes the Narrowband Internet-of-Things to enhance the robustness of the vehicular communication system. Accordingly, the system’s QoS is enhanced. This enhancement is based on proposing two parts to cover the latency and the harmonics issues, in addition to proposing a distributed antenna configuration for the moving vehicles under a machine learning benchmark, which uses the across-entropy algorithm. The proposed environment has been simulated and compared to the state-of-the-art work performance. The simulation results verify the proposed work performance based on three different parameters; namely the latency, the mean squared error rate, and the transmitted signal block error rate. From these results, the proposed work outperforms the literature; at the probability of 10−3, the proposed work reduces the peak power deficiency by almost 49%, an extra 23.5% enhancement has been attained from the self-interference cancellation side, and a bit error rate enhancement by a ratio of 31%

Inorganic tin compounds do not induce micronuclei in human lymphocytes in the absence of metabolic activation

The genotoxic evaluation (in vitro analysis) of a series of eight inorganic tin(II) and tin(IV) compounds [tin(II) acetate, tin(II) chloride, tin(II) ethylhexanoate, tin(II) oxalate, tin(II) oxide, tin(IV) acetate, tin(IV) chloride and tin(IV) oxide], for the detection of micronuclei in human blood lymphocytes, was performed in the absence of metabolic activation by the cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay. Human lymphocytes were treated for over one cell cycle (31 hours), with concentrations ranging from 1 to 75μM (1, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 75μM), of tin(II) and tin(IV) salts dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide. The above-listed concentrations cover the values that have been detected in humans with no occupational exposure to tin compounds. The experimental results show the absence of genotoxicity for all inorganic compounds tested in the specific concentrations and experimental conditions. Cytotoxic effects of tin(II) and tin(IV) compounds were evaluated by the determination of cytokinesis block proliferation index and cytotoxicity percentage. Our observations on the cytotoxicity pattern of the tested tin(II) and tin(IV) compounds indicate that they are cytotoxic in several tested concentrations to human lymphocytes treated in vitro. The observed differences in cytotoxicity of each tested compound might reflect differences in their chemical structure. © 2014 Informa Healthcare USA, Inc. All rights reserved: reproduction in whole or part not permitted