ANTIMUTAGENIC ACTIVITY OF BINARA HERBS (ARTEMISIA VULGARIS L.) ETHANOL EXTRACT IN MALE MICE INDUCED BY CYCLOPHOSPHAMIDE

 Objectives: This study aims to evaluate the antimutagenic activity of binara herbs (Artemisia vulgaris L.) ethanol extract on male mice.Methods: Binara herbs powder was extracted is used ethanol 96% by maceration, then made into a suspension preparation used 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose with 3 dose variations (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg). Further, the extract was administrated orally in mice for 7 consecutive days. 4 h after the last orally, cyclophosphamide 50 mg/kg IP was injected. 30 h after cyclophosphamide injection, the animals were killed, and the samples of bone marrow were prepared and stained with gems. For each sample, 200 cells of polychromatic erythrocytes (PCE) and the same number of normochromatic erythrocytes (NCE) and the cells containing their micronucleus (MN) were counted using the MN test method in vivo.Results: Cyclophosphamide increased the frequency of MnPCE and decreased cell proliferation (PCE/PCE+NCE). All doses of extracts significantly reduced the frequency of MnPCE (p<0.05). The cell proliferation ratio (PCE/PCE+NCE) was also increased. The most effective dose is 300 mg/kg because it has the greatest ability to decrease the frequency of MnPCE and increase the cell proliferation ratio.Conclusion: Results of this study indicated that binara herbs (A. vulgaris L.) ethanol extract has potent antimutagenic activity

Evaluation of Ethanol Extract of Red Algae (Kappaphycus Alvarezii Doty): Total Phenolic and Flavonoid Content

This study aims to determine the characterization of red algae simplicia and the amount of yield obtained from the manufacture of red algae ethanol extract using the soxhletation method. Red algae were taken from Banggai Islands Regency, South Sulawesi and processed into dry simplicia and characterized by macroscopic examination, determination of water content, content of water soluble extract and ethanol, total ash content and acid insoluble ash content. Simplicia was extracted using 96% ethanol solvent by soxhletation method and calculated the amount of yield obtained. Macroscopic observation of red algae simplicia obtained a brown coarse powder accompanied by a distinctive taste and odor. Determination of the water content of simplicia obtained 7.21%, water soluble extract content 31.54%, ethanol soluble extract content 17.27%, total ash content 33, 96% and 11.42% acid insoluble ash content. The ethanolic extract of red algae using the soxhletation method was obtained as much as 68.92 grams with a total extract yield of 13.78%. Based on the results of the study, it can be concluded that the simplicia characterization of red algae meets the requirements and has a large extract yield

THE EFFECTS OF THE ADDUCTION OF EFFERVESCENT POWDER OF BASTARD CEDAR LEAF (GUAZUMA ULMIFOLIA LAMK.) EXTRACT TOWARD WEIGHT REDUCTION OF MALE MICE

 Objective: The objective of this study was to discover the effect of the adduction of Bastard cedar leaf extract that was formulated in the form of effervescent powder toward weight loss.Methods: The study design was an experimental study with pretest–posttest one group control design. The sample was divided into 3 treatment groups which were dosage 1 g/kg body weight (BW), 2 g/kg BW, and 3 g/kg BW of Bastard cedar leaf effervescent powder and one control group. The research was conducted for 28 days.Result: The result of the research exhibited the 1st day of the adduction of Bastard cedar leaf effervescent powder that the dosage 3 g/Kg BW contributed to the largest reduction compared with the others. On the last day of adduction, dosage 1 g/Kg BW contributed almost the similar weight reduction effect to the mouse with the dosage 3 g/Kg BW; however, when both were compared, the dosage 3 g/Kg BW remained giving the most significant effect (p<0.05).Conclusion: The adduction of bastard cedar leaf effervescent powder could reduce the weight of the mouse in all dosage treatment which was dosage 1 g/Kg BW, 2 g/Kg BW, and 3 g/Kg BW

RELAXATION EFFECT OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF AVERRHOA BILIMBI L. LEAVES ON ILEUM SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTION OF IN VITRO ISOLATED RAT (RATTUS NORVEGICUS)

Objective: The study was aimed to investigate the relaxation effect of ethanolic extract of Averrhoa bilimbi L. leaves (EEABL) and ondansetron against 5-HT-induced contraction of the 5-HT3 receptor.Methods: The study of the relaxation effect of the cumulative concentration EEABL leaves (0.5–4 mg/mL) and ondansetron (10−5–3×10−2) after the contracted with 5-HT (EC80: 1.158×10−6 M) was conducted in vitro using isolated rat's ileum organ in the Tyrode solution.Results: The EEABL and ondansetron decreased ileum contraction after induced by 5- HT. EEABL has no difference in terms of ability as ondansetron in reducing the ileum smooth muscle contraction induced by 5-HT (p>0.05).Conclusion: The EEABL has relaxation effect on smooth muscle of rat's isolated ileum which has induced by 5-HT

Comparison of Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract and Nanoparticles of Crassocephallum Crepidioides S.Moore Against Staphylococcus Aureus

This research seeks to examine the width of the inhibitory zone of extracts and nanoparticles of Crassocephalum crepidioides leaf simplisia, which have many advantages such as wound therapy, diarrhea relief, anti-inflammatory properties, and antibacterial effects. The antibacterial activity of Crassochepallum crepidioides (Benth) was evaluated by using the ethanol extract and nanoparticles. S. Moore departs. The agar diffusion technique was used to test it on paper plates. 0.1 ml of bacterial inoculum was introduced into a sterile petri dish, followed by the addition of 15 ml of Mueller Hinton agar media at a temperature range of 45-50ºC. Subsequently, multiple paper plates were immersed in a test solution containing a strong leaf ethanol extract and nanoparticles with different concentrations. Characterization reveals that Crassocephalum crepidioides is composed of many bioactive components, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and steroids. The analysis of the extract revealed that it contained 5.92% water, 12.86% total ash, 1.55% acid-insoluble ash, 14.33% water-soluble essence, and 9.34% ethanol-soluble essence. The nanoparticles had a size of 64.37 nm and exhibited antibacterial activity of extract ethanol at a concentration of 50% with a diameter of 12,00 mm. The minor concentration of the extract had a diameter of 3,166 mm, while the nanoparticles showed antibacterial activity at a concentration of 50% with a diameter of 10,53 mm. The minor concentration of the nanoparticle had a diameter of 3,00 mm The activity test results of the ethanol extract of Crassochepallum crepidioides with nanoparticles demonstrated that the inhibitory diameter of the ethanol extraction results remained more strong compared to the nanoparticles of simplisia powder

Acute Toxicity Effect of The Ethanolic Extract of Watercress Herb (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) in Mice

Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. Br.) is an annual plant of the Brasicaceae family. Watercress has efficacy in the treatment of a hypo-allergenic, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anticancer, and treatment of tuberculosis.The purpose of this research was to determine the potential for acute toxicity of ethanolic extract of watercress. This study aims to observe the histopathology liver , kidney , heart mice and to determine the LD50. Test animals used were 40 male mice and 40 female mice were divided into 8 groups. Group 1 as the control group were given Na – CMC 0,5 % b/v and groups 2-8 were given ethanol extract of watercress herb with a doses of  0,5; 5; 50 ; 500 ; 1000 ; 2000; and 4000 mg/kg bw . LD50 test is determined by the number of deaths in the test group during the 14 days of treatment in the form of one administration of the test materials. Histopathological results at the highest doses showed necrosis and hydropic degeneration of the liver, serosis the kidneys, and the heart inflammation with myofibril irregular heart. LD50 test demonstrated the practical test material is not toxic because no test animals died.Keywords: acute toxicity, Nasturtium officinale R. Br., Ethanolic extrac

Evaluation of Drug Management of Pharmacy Installation at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospital

Evaluation of Drug Management of Pharmacy Installation at Universitas Sumatera Utara Hospita

Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Rhaphidophora pinnata (L.F) Schott Leaf Extract

BACKGROUND: Cancer growth is influenced by many factors and in general it is an interaction between gene factors and environmental factors, especially the microenvironment that exists around cancer. The inflammatory response plays a decisive role in various stages of cancer growth. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory activity of ethanol extract of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaves. METHODS: R. pinnata leaf extract was obtained by percolation method using 96% ethanol as the solvent at room temperature. Anti-inflammatory activity was determined based on the paw edema method. Thirty male albino mice were treated orally with sodium carboxyl cellulose suspension (as negative control group), R. pinnata leaf extract (35, 70, 140, and 280 mg/kgBW), and diclofenac (as positive control group), 60 min before 0.2 mL 1% carrageenan injection. The paw thickness was measured using plethysmometer before injecting the carrageenan and after 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 h. RESULTS: The subplantar injection of carrageenan caused a time-dependent paw edema in the mice. Oral administration of R. pinnata leaf extract inhibited paw swelling at 1, 2, 3 4, 5, and 6 h after carrageenan injection. R. pinnata leaf extracts doses of 35, 70, 140, and 280 mg/kgBW gave a percentage inhibition of 56.56%, 56.18%, 62.77%, and 49.30%, respectively. The effective dose of R. pinnata leaf extract as an anti-inflammatory was 140 mg/kgBW. CONCLUSION: Ethanol extract of R. pinnata leaf has anti-inflammatory activity in male albino mice

Formulation and effectiveness test of clove flower oil (Syzygium aromaticum L.) nanoemulsigel preparations against Propionibacterium acnes bacteria

Background: Acne is a chronic inflammatory process in the pilosebaceous glands. The appearance of acne is a process of follicular hyper-keratinization, which causes blockage of the pores so that the hair follicles are blocked by bacteria known as Propionibacterium acnes. Clove flower oil contains eugenol compounds which have the strongest activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. Methods: In this research, antibacterial activity tests were carried out on clove flower oil with various concentrations and nano-emulsion gel preparations were made with a clove flower oil concentration of 1.5%; 3%; 5.5%, which was then tested for antibacterial activity on the nano-emulsion gel preparations of clove flower oil measured using a caliper and the diameter of the inhibition zone produced was recorded. Results: the results of the organoleptic research showed that the color was yellow, transparent and had a distinctive odor, homogeneity showed that there were no coarse particles, viscosity was still within the required range, pH showed that the pH was still within the required range of 4.5-6.5, particle size test was below 200 nm, cycling test showed that it was stable during storage at hot and cold temperatures for 6 cycles of P. acnes inhibitory clove flower oil nano-emulsion preparation with a concentration of 1.5%; 3%; 5.% respectively have resistance of 11.60 mm, 13.53 mm, 15.76 mm Conclusions: From the results of the research that has been carried out, it is concluded that clove flower oil can be formulated into a nano-emulsion gel preparation, is stable during cycling tests, and has a particle size below 200 nm. Nano-emulsion gel formulations have the greatest antibacterial activity compared to emulsion gel formulations

Implementation of Pharmaceutical Care or Hypertension Patients in Communty Health Center of Lubuk Pakamdeli Serdang

The objective of this research was to provide pharmaceutical care to patients with Hypertension and assess its effects on the occurrence of drug-related problems (DRPs), clinical outcomes, adherence levels, and quality of life of Hypertension patients at Puskesmas (Community Health Center) Lubuk Pakam. This research used a comparative experimental approach using a prospective cohort study design to assess the effects of an intervention on 73 individuals with Hypertension between March and August 2021. The PCNE V9.00 instrument was used to identify the occurrence of Drug-Related Problems (DRPs). Adherence level data was collected through the MMAS-8 questionnaire. Random blood glucose (RBG) data and Blood Pressure values were obtained by directly examining patients. The EQ-5D-3L questionnaire was used to gather data on the quality of life. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank test and Friedman test in the SPSS V22.0 software. The findings indicated that the average occurrence of drug-related problems (DRPs) before to the intervention was 1.436 ± 0.502, however after the intervention, it decreased to 0.282 ± 0.456 (α <0.05). The mean blood pressure before to the intervention was 278.58 ± 75.278 mmHg, whereas after the intervention it decreased to 179.68 ± 14.008 mmHg (α <0.05). There was a substantial rise in the mean adherence score before to the intervention, from 5.00 ± 0.89 to 8.48 ± 0.77 (α<0.05). Similarly, the average quality of life score increased from 0.878 ± 0.176 to 1 ± 0.09 after the intervention (α<0.05)