Gender differences in mathematics achievement in 3rd and 9th grade students: A large-scale study in Luxembourg.

Since 2009, ÉpStan (Épreuves Standardisées) is an annual large-scale study in Luxembourg. It aims to evaluate Luxembourg's school system, in particular students’ achieved competency level in mathematics implemented in 3rd and 9th grade. The present study aims to investigate whether the existing gender gap in mathematics among 15-year-olds revealed by PISA 2012 can be confirmed in ÉpStan 9th grade and if it already exists in younger students’ mathematics performance (ÉpStan 3rd grade) (Robinson, & Theule Lubienski, 2011). Further, we study wether a gender gap in students’ drive, motivation and self-beliefs concerning mathematics performance exists