The structure of wider-regional sharing of the social infrastructure element

There are two types of regional development elements those are namely economic and social terms. While both developing and developed countries initially need to establish regional economic infrastructure, the next concern should be given to the social infrastructure. In local regions, the presence of sufficient social infrastructure may hold the number of populations which is the essential condition for a self-sustained regional structure system. In this paper, a consideration is given to the roles played by public sector for coordinating wider-regional sharing of the social infrastructure element. The analysis reveals the fundamental relationship between the wider-regional sharing and the economies of scale. The outcome also addresses potential issues on consumer accessibility by the integration of economic activity among different neighbour regions.

SPATIAL-COMPETITION, INTEGRATED FRAMEWORK OF CENTRAL-PLACE SYSTEM WITH AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES

It is argued that the trade-off interaction between agglomeration economies and transportation costs cannot be excluded from the analysis of the central-place system. First, an overlapping-area model between two competitors of market areas is examined both cases in homogeneous and differentiated products together with the relevant formation of supply areas. The analysis then further explores an exclusive-area model in the duopoly and oligopoly conditions of market areas and the formation process of supply areas. Finally, consideration is given to the methodological connectivity between central-place system and agglomeration economies.FIRM LOCATION, AGGLOMERATION ECONOMIES, TRANSPORTATION COSTS, CENTRAL PLACE SYSTEM

Charged Lepton Flavor Violation in the Semi-Constrained NMSSM with Right-Handed Neutrinos

We study the \mu \to e \gamma decay in the Z_3-invariant next-to-minimal supersymmetric (SUSY) Standard Model (NMSSM) with superheavy right-handed neutrinos. We assume that the soft SUSY breaking parameters are generated at the GUT scale, not universally as in the minimal supergravity scenario but in such a way that those soft parameters which are specific to the NMSSM can differ from the soft parameters which involve only the MSSM fields while keeping the universality at the GUT scale within the soft parameters for the MSSM and right-handed neutrino fields. We call this type of boundary conditions "semi-constrained". In this model, the lepton-flavor-violating off-diagonal elements of the slepton mass matrix are induced by radiative corrections from the neutrino Yukawa couplings, just like as in the MSSM extended with the right-handed neutrinos, and these off-diagonal elements induce sizable rates of \mu \to e \gamma depending on the parameter space. Since this model has more free parameters than the MSSM, the parameter region favored from the Higgs boson mass can slightly differ from that in the MSSM. We show that there is a parameter region in which the \mu \to e \gamma decay can be observable in the near future even if the SUSY mass scale is about 4 TeV.Comment: 16 pages, 3 figures. v2: reference added, typos corrected. v3: put more emphasis on the difference from the MSSM + \nu_R model, reference added, typos corrected, version to appear in Phys. Lett.

Theoretical analysis of Lambda(1405) photoproduction

We develop a model that describes the gamma p -> K^+ pi Sigma reaction in the Lambda(1405) region. The model consists of gauge invariant photo-production mechanisms, and the chiral unitary model that gives the rescattering amplitudes where Lambda(1405) is contained. The model also contains phenomenological parameters, associated with short-range dynamics, to be used in fitting data. We successfully fit recent CLAS data for the pi-Sigma invariant mass distributions (line-shape) in the gamma p -> K^+ pi Sigma reaction for all the charge states. We find that the higher mass pole for Lambda(1405) of the chiral unitary model plays an important role in the reaction. We also find the non-resonant background contribution is not negligible, and its sizable effect shifts the Lambda(1405) peak position by several MeV. This work sets a starting point for a fuller analysis in which line-shape as well as K^+ angular distribution data are simultaneously analyzed for extracting Lambda(1405) pole(s).Comment: 5 pages, 6 figures, Contribution to the proceedings of XV International Conference on Hadron Spectroscopy (Hadron 2013), November 4-8 2013, Nara, Japa

GRB980425 in the Off-Axis Jet Model of the Standard GRBs

Using a simple off-axis jet model of GRBs, we can reproduce the observed unusual properties of the prompt emission of GRB980425, such as the extremely low isotropic equivalent gamma-ray energy, the low peak energy, the high fluence ratio, and the long spectral lag when the jet with the standard energy of ~10^{51} ergs and the opening half-angle of \Delta\theta=~10-30 degree is seen from the off-axis viewing angle ~\Delta\theta+10/\gamma, where \gamma is a Lorentz factor of the jet. For our adopted fiducial parameters, if the jet that caused GRB 980425 is viewed from the on-axis direction, the intrinsic peak energy Ep(1+z) is ~2.0-4.0 MeV, which corresponds to those of GRB990123 and GRB021004. Our model might be able to explain the other unusual properties of this event. We also discuss the connection of GRB980425 in our model with the X-ray flash, and the origin of a class of GRBs with small E_\gamma such as GRB030329, GRB980329, GRB981226, and so on.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures aipTEX, contribution to the 2003 GRB Conference, held at Santa Fe, N

The structure of wider-regional sharing of the social infrastructure element

There are two types of regional development elements those are namely economic and social terms. While both developing and developed countries initially need to establish regional economic infrastructure, the next concern should be given to the social infrastructure. In local regions, the presence of sufficient social infrastructure may hold the number of populations which is the essential condition for a self-sustained regional structure system. In this paper, a consideration is given to the roles played by public sector for coordinating wider-regional sharing of the social infrastructure element. The analysis reveals the fundamental relationship between the wider-regional sharing and the economies of scale. The outcome also addresses potential issues on consumer accessibility by the integration of economic activity among different neighbour regions

Social welfare, internal and external economies for integration of public services

In population declining countries, public services in rural areas face potential problematic issues on the long-run sustainability, which are namely brought by insufficient economies of scale. Since these services play important roles as social infrastructure elements, a disappearance from the society causes more population declines in rural areas. An attempt is made in this paper to examine long-run sustainable rural economic growth by restructuring social infrastructure elements. The first of three parts of the paper considers a model, which a part of social infrastructure elements may have an integrated operation. There is a top hierarchy that is treated as headquarter of the operation, and the following hierarchy needs to be allocated in an appropriate number of establishment. The hierarchical system can be approached by the framework of central-place theory, in particular, market-area analysis. The relevant notion may be the criterion of functional structure of space. In the second part, the hierarchical managerial structure of public services is evaluated by involving various effects of internal and external economies which are categorised in terms of scale, scope and complexity. If these are spatially-constrained, the notion becomes agglomeration economies. While the concept of agglomeration economies has been used for location decision-making of the firm or industrial organisation issues, the idea also can apply to the structure of business administration of public services. These services are necessary to sustain but there are various areas where those need to be reduced or eliminated due to insufficient demand level by population declines. Since they should be sustainable in an appropriate scale, scope and complexity, theoretical analysis may provide important implications. In particular, operational integration can be a main keyword to consider a case argued above, which is relevant to the criterion of administrative structure. The final part considers policy and practice in a realistic case which may have certain difficulty between the integrated organisation and transportation costs. Under such circumstances, the outcome is expected to show that population declining nations are necessary to maximise the opportunity of interregional cooperative arrangements, particularly for public services. It is also indicated that an enhancement of interregional cooperative arrangement can relax a potential difficulty of systematic restructure of public services as well as enhancing rural population growth. Theme: R Location theories and studie

Sustainable economic development and growth: roles played by agglomeration economies on regional policy

The evaluation of economic development level is commonly measured by the growth rate of GDP. However, this single-dimensional measurement may cause potential issue to investigate sustainable economic development and growth model. An alternative framework is introduced to economic development analysis that includes the notion of growth feasible indicator (GFI). This indicator enables the examination to observe the potentiality of economic growth in the long run, which is normally hidden in the established model framework. The relationship between the GFI curve and public policy for sustainable development is also explored

Self-resonant Coil for Contactless Electrical Conductivity Measurement under Pulsed Ultra-high Magnetic Fields

In this study, we develop experimental apparatus for contactless electrical conductivity measurements under pulsed high magnetic fields over 100 T using a self-resonant-type high-frequency circuit. The resonant power spectra were numerically analyzed, and the conducted simulations showed that the apparatus is optimal for electrical conductivity measurements of materials with high electrical conductivity. The newly developed instruments were applied to a high-temperature cuprate superconductor La$_{2-x}$Sr$_x$CuO$_4$ to show conductivity changes in magnetic fields up to 102 T with a good signal-to-noise ratio. The upper critical field was determined with high accuracy.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure