Within-trial variability of static grip force expressed by standard deviation (A) and coefficient of variation (B).

<p>The data represent the mean and standard deviation (vertical bars) values of 17 subjects.</p

Changes in the static grip force and slip force (A), grip-to-load force (GF/LF) ratio (B), coefficient of friction (C), and relative safety margin (D) in relation to object mass for each surface condition.

<p>The data represent the mean and standard deviation (vertical bars) values of 17 subjects.</p

The light grip apparatus and the experimental table.

<p>The apparatus contained three sensors to measure grip and load forces.</p

Typical force-time history curves of grip and load forces during the lift-hold task performed by one subject.

<p>The data are the mean (solid lines) ± standard deviation (dashed lines) of 8 trials for the 6, 90, and 200 g mass conditions with the rayon grip surface.</p

A typical example of the mean probability of correct response in relation to percent difference in test mass from the standard masses of 10 and 112 g for the rayon surface in one subject (A). Logistic function curves were fitted to examine their relationship. Changes in mean Weber's fraction with test mass for all subjects for the rayon and sandpaper surfaces (B).

<p>The vertical bars indicate the standard deviation values.</p

Mean finger-surface contact areas and finger pad skin deformation for the thumb and index finger for all subjects in relation to varied magnitude of grip force applied.

<p>Mean finger-surface contact areas and finger pad skin deformation for the thumb and index finger for all subjects in relation to varied magnitude of grip force applied.</p

Results of Factor analysis.

<p>Bold indicates factor loading ≥ 0.4.</p><p>Role in life (RL), Cognitive function (CF), Social skill (SS), Intellectual IADL (IIADL), Physical function (PF), Self-rated health assessment(SHA), Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS15), frequency of going out (FGO), the number of companions (NC), the number of friends engaged in activities (NFEA), Instrumental Activity of Daily Living (IADL), Intellectual activities (IA), Social Role (SR), 15 minute walk (Walk), Grip strength (GS), Chair stand (CS), Serial 7s, 3-word-delayed-recall test (DR), Word fluency(WF)</p><p>Results of Factor analysis.</p

Cause and effect hypothesis model.

<p>Factors in the population-based strategy (direct factors) are shown in solid lines. Factors in the high-risk strategy (indirect factors) are shown in dotted lines.</p

Results of Structural Equation Modeling.

<p>GFI = Goodness of Fit Index, AGFI = Adjusted Goodness of Fit Index, RMSEA = Root Mean Square Error of Approximation.</p

Participant characteristics (n = 366).

<p>Participant characteristics (n = 366).</p