empirical evidence from South Korean labor market

Thesis(Master) --KDI School:Master of Development Policy,2017This study explores the effects of education-job mismatch, skill-job mismatch, and major-job mismatch on job satisfaction as well as on turnover intention. Moreover, special attention is paid to differences in the labor effects of job mismatches among junior college graduates, university graduates, and postgraduates who are currently enrolled, completed, or graduated from a master''s or Ph.D. programs. The data used is based on 2014 Graduates'' Occupational Mobility Survey (2014GOMS1). Furthermore, the samples are restricted to following categories: employees aged 25-34, graduates from tertiary education, and wage workers currently employed. Major findings from the empirical results are as follows; 1) under-education and skill deficit have significantly positive impacts on job satisfaction but do not have any significant influences on turnover intention; 2) over-education and skill surplus have significantly negative effects on job satisfaction and positive effects on turnover intention; 3) employees who experience job mismatches with respect to the field of education are less likely to be satisfied with their jobs and do not have significant relationship with turnover intention. Furthermore, although the labor market effects of job mismatches do not vary much according to educational levels; there are two different outcomes. These are 4) under-education does not have significant impact on job satisfaction in the case of postgraduates; and 5) with respect to turnover intention, it has been found that postgraduates from master’s or doctorate programs tend to be more influenced by skill-job mismatch, while university graduates tend to be more affected by education-job mismatch. Likewise, the degree of influence of education, skill, and major mismatches on job satisfaction and turnover intention is different. Therefore, public policy formulations would need to consider not only education-job mismatch, but also skill-job and major-job mismatches, when dealing with the issue of job mismatches. Consequently, it would be proposed that Korean education and labor policy measures that aim to close the huge mismatch gap between their tertiary education outcomes and industry needs should consider these three distinct types of job mismatches simultaneously in order to align both fields better.OutstandingmasterpublishedDain CHOI

The Fractal Structure of Literature

학위논문 (석사) -- 서울대학교 대학원 : 인문대학 국어국문학과, 2020. 8. 손유경.문학의 진지한 문제는 오직 하나이다. 그것은 바로 문학이 무엇인지 대한 고민이다. 소설이나 시나 희곡 등이 어떻게 문학이라고 불리우는가라는 질문은 문학의 근본문제에 답하는 것이다. 그밖에─서술이 일인칭인지 삼인칭인가, 인물의 성격 묘사가 정신적인 깊이감을 보여주거나 정치적인 풍자를 위해 역사적인 사건을 개조했는가─하는 문제는 그 다음의 일이다. "Ce sont des jeux; il faut dabord répondre" (카뮈의 의역, "Le Mythe de Sisyphe", p. 13). 인쇄된 텍스트를 어떻게 문학이라고 인식하는가? 이와같은 문제를 피상적으로 흝어보면 단순해 보이지만 깊이 들여다보면  복잡하게 매체론, 인식론, 언어철학, 문학론으로 아우르고 있다. 본고는 텍스트의 의미를 나타내는 과정이 잉크로 찍은 모양과 어떤 연관이 있는지, 즉 인쇄매체에서 어떻게 영향을 받았는지에 관한 연구로서 독자반응비평론에 해당한다. 이는 인간의 경험의 전반적인 영역를 포함한다. 보기에 인쇄매체가 단순한 기술이라는 점을 고려한다면, 인쇄매체에 의미를 부여하는 정신 과정은 정교하다. 그러나 이 질문에 답하기 어려운 점은 가장 기본적인 매체로서의 언어가 "자기에 대해 논하기 위하여 설계가 잘 되어 있지 않으며, 정신도 자기에 대해 반영하기 위하여 설계가 잘 되어 있지 않다" (Searle, Intentionality, p. 156). 따라서 매체의 기능 기제뿐 아니라 의식의 기능 기제에 눈여겨볼 필요가 있다. 전자는, 매체론이 모든 매체를 기술로 다루고 있다. 이는 창작을 통해 작가가 기술을 이용함으로써 책과 같은 물질적인 사물에 의미를 어떻게 물화하는지, 그리고 독해를 통해 독자가 기술을 이용함으로써 물질적인 사물에서 의미를 사상화하는지에 대한 통찰력을 준다. 이런 기준논지를 통해 펜이 퍼포먼스를 기록하는 도구인 한편, 다른 한편으로 펜의 이용하는 행위는 정신적 과정이라는 것이 확실해진다. 후자는 언어철학에서 의식 속에서의 기호를 조작하는 기제를 분석하여, 화행이 무형의 생각, 감정, 믿음, 바람을 유형으로 어떻게 변화하는 그 과정을 살핀다. 그러나 매체론과 언어철학의 분야에서 이러한 논의가 문학의 영역에서 어떤 파문을 몰고 올 거냐는 아직 철저히 검토하지 않은 상태이다: 매체의 특수한 물질성이 얼마나 창작 및 독해 행위의 서술기법이나 독서의 관행에 토대가 되었는가, 또한 문학적인 화행은 허구성을 암시하기 위해 특수한 표상 방식을 발달시킨 결과로 진리 조건이 없는 의미가 되었는지를 살펴봐야 한다. 그러므로 본고는 인쇄매체의 특수한 이용법이 소설의 양식에서 포착됨으로써, '문학적 지표'를 통해 소설이라고 간주된다고 논할 것이다. 문학적 지표를 기준에 재면 무리에 해당한다. 이는 엄격하게 정의된 용어가 아니라 관행을 의미한다. 작가가 문학적 지표를 활용하는 스타일은 작가 나름이고, 독자도 책을 덮은 끝에 자신만의 해석을 가지고 있다. 어떤 문학적 지표는 낱장의 미시적인 상호작용으로부터 나타날 수 있고 (제2장 참조), 어떤 문학적 지표는 내면적으로 고정된 시각을 모방하여 의식의 감정과 생각과 감각적 경험과 기억의 흐름을 드러내는 정체성을 지니고 (제3장 참조), 또 어떤 문학적 지표는 텍스트 외에 거시적인 양상을 지시하여 이데올로기나 다른 작가의 작품의 영향을 받았다는 것을 볼 수 있다 (제4장 참조). 문학적 지표는 임의적이라고 보이지만 사실상 매체의 물질성에 내재된 잠재성과 한계, 즉 이른바 행동유도성에서 기인하므로 문학적인 화행이라고 신고하며 해석적인 렌즈를 통하여 겹겹이 쌓인 의미의 층에서 정신을 동작하게 만든다. 미시적인 면에서의 텍스트의 꼼꼼한 독서와 똑같은 텍스트의 거시적인 여운에서 상호텍스트성을 밝히는 분석은 둘 다 의미의 복합성을 드러낸다. 이러한 정신 과정의 양식은 재귀적 자기 유사성을 보여주는 프랙털과 현저히 닮았다: 똑같은 텍스트, 기호의 똑같은 패턴, 의식을 반영하는 물화, 그럼에도 사상화 과정을 통해 해석직인 렌즈를 조장하여 모든 배율의 확대에서 빼어난 복합성을 볼 수 있다. 문학적 지표들은 다양하지만, 보고는 외에서 성명하는 세 가지에 초점을 두었다. 소설 장르에서 흔한 지표이며 인쇄매체의 연관성을 고찰할 수 있다. 그리하여 해석적인 렌즈의 미시적·거식적 차원에서의 동작을 포착하기 위해 소설 한 권, 최인훈의 「광장」이 대상이 되었다. 최인훈의 글쓰기는 잘 두드러지는 이념적인 측면과 실험적인 서술기법과 도전할 독자를 기대하듯이 메타픽션에 가까운 반어적인 자기의식을 보여줌으로써 이러한 종류의 분석에 특히 어울린다. 따라서 최인훈의 작품의 의미적 밀도 때문에 이렇듯 세개의 해설이 가능하다. 본고는 확정적이거나 총체적인 해석 방법을 구축하는 것이 아니라, 문학적 지표 세 개를 선택하여 별개의 해석 세 가지를 설명하고 있다. 이런 세 개의 해석이 겹칠 때 서로 모순이 있을 수 있고 서로 확증할 수도 있지만 인간의 경험의 복합성에 대해 언제나 심도있게 다룬다. 이러한 특성을 「광장」에서 알아차리고 문학의 정체성을 알게 된다.In the study of literature, the most fundamental question we might pose is how we perceive a novel or poem or drama as literature, rather than everyday conversation or a textbook. All the rest─whether or not it is first or third-person narrative, whether it demonstrates psychological depth in its characterizations or refashions historical events for political satire─comes afterwards. "Ce sont des jeux; il faut dabord répondre" (Camus, "Le Mythe de Sisyphe", p. 13). How do we perceive a printed text as literature? At surface a simple question, the answer proves complicated, spanning the fields of media theory, epistemology, the philosophy of language, and literary theory. In particular, this paper belongs to the tradition of Reader Response Criticism, as an inquiry into how the medium of print actuates the process of turning black ink marks on a sheet of emulsified wood pulp into meaning. And not merely meaning, but the full spectrum of the human experience. Given how apparently simple the technology of print is, clearly the mental process of generating meaning is extremely sophisticated. But what makes answering this question so challenging is that, just as language, the most fundamental medium of all, is "not well designed to talk about itself, so the mind is not well designed to reflect on itself." (Searle, p. 156) Thus, it is necessary to address not only the mechanisms by which media functions but also the mechanisms by which the consciousness functions. For the former, this paper draws heavily from media theory─its treatment of all forms of media as a technology─to provide insight into how the writer uses this technology to confer meaning into a physical object (reification), such as a book, and how by reading, the reader uses technology to infer meaning from physical object (semanticization). What becomes quickly apparent is that the use of a medium is largely an act of the mind, while the pen is only the means of recording the process. For the latter, the philosophy of language explores the mechanics within the consciousness as it manipulates signs, an examination of the process by which the speech act makes such intangibles as thought, emotion, belief, memory, and desire into tangible objects. Both fields, however, leave largely unexplored the ramifications for the realm of literature: how much a medium's unique physical properties inform the acts of reading and writing, in other words the narrative techniques or the conventions by which we approach a literary work, and how the literary speech act develops special forms of expression, often closely knit to the medium itself, in order to signal that here the intentionality is fiction─there is meaning, but no truth condition. This paper thus argues that the novel is a specialized use captured by the medium of print, recognizable as a novel by its form, which I call 'literary indices'. Literary indices represent a cluster of norms, a convention rather than a strictly defined term. Each writer employs them in a style unique to himself, and each reader closes a book with a slightly different interpretation from another. Some literary indices emerge from the microscopic interactions between individual words (see chapter II), while others delve into the flow of feelings and thoughts and sensory experience and memory that mimic the internally fixed point-of-view of the human consciousness (see chapter III), and others still make reference to macroscopic trends in society outside the scope of the novel itself, including ideology, and other works by other authors (see chapter IV). The establishment of a literary index as a convention seems arbitrary, but in fact, they derive from the physical potential and limitations of the medium itself, what James Gibson calls affordances; thus they announce that this speech act is a literary speech act and allow the dense layering of meaning by simply adjusting the hermeneutic lens. A microscopically close reading of the text reveals as much complexity of meaning as examining the same text for macroscopic resonances that suggest intertextuality. This mental process bears a surprising resemblance to a fractal, a form or pattern with reflexive self-similiarity: the same text, the same pattern of signs, a reification that reflects a human consciousness, and yet at different levels of magnification, as the hermeneutic lens adjusts its process of semanticization, astonishing complexity. Though literary indices abound, this paper has narrowed its focus to the three described above. They are common to the genre of the novel and additionally can be examined for their relation to print as a medium. Consequently, a single novel, Choi In-hun's The Square, became the text to capture the hermeneutic lens at work as it moves from the microscopic dimension to the macroscopic. Choi In-hun's writing is particularly well suited to this kind of analysis, due to the strong emphasis on ideology, experimentation with narrative techniques, and, as if anticipating a reader willing to take on a challenge, a wry self-awareness that blurs into metafiction. Due the semantic density of his novels, an interpretive trichotomy is possible; these are three interpretations seen through the lens of three distinct literary indices, not an approach that can be considered definitive or comprehensive; as they overlap they may contradict or corroborate each other, but nevertheless they always speak on the complexity of human experience. It is this quality that we recognize in The Square, and know it to be literature.1. 서론 1 1.1. 문제 제기 및 연구의 이론적 시각 1 1.2. 연구사 검토 11 1.2.1. 인쇄문화의 역사적 배경 11 1.2.2. 한국에서의 인쇄문화와 독자론 전개 13 1.3. 연구 방법: 프랙털적 구조의 실천 19 2. 인쇄매체의 잠재성으로부터 나타나는 시각적 지표 23 2.1. 인쇄매체의 의미 있는 판면에 부과된 지향성 24 2.2. 낱말의 공간적 상호작용 30 2.2.1. 「아카시아가 있는 그림」의 시적 표면의 농축된 낱말 배열 30 2.2.2. 최인훈의 「광장」에서 접었다 폈다 하는 에크프라시스 36 3. 인쇄매체의 한계로부터 나타나는 지표 48 3.1. 지각을 모방하는 인간의 연장으로서의 매체 49 3.2. 내면세계를 향하여 허구적인 시공간을 관찰하는 지각의 모방 54 3.2.1. 텍스트로서의 「옛날 옛적에 훠이어 훠이」 대 상연으로서의 「옛날 옛적에 훠이어 훠이」 54 3.2.2. 서사의 바다를 항행하는 「광장」의 줄거리를 묶는 시간성 63 4. 인쇄매체의 미시적거시적인 차원의 재귀적 자기 유사성 72 4.1. 전파 및 접근 제도에서의 문학적 지표의 시간적수평적 연속 73 4.2. 사상의 동굴 속에 갇힌 독자성: 「광장」의 상호텍스트성을 중심으로 80 5. 결론 91 참고문헌 94 ABSTRACT 99Maste

Orthotopic transplantation of retinoblastoma cells into vitreous cavity of zebrafish for screening of anticancer drugs

BACKGROUND: With high throughput screening, novel therapeutic agents can be efficiently identified. Unfortunately, researchers only resort to in vitro cell viability assays for screening of anticancer drugs for retinoblastoma, the most common intraocular cancer in the childhood. Current available animal models of retinoblastoma require more than 2 weeks for tumour formation and the investigation of the efficacy of therapeutic agents. In this study, we established a novel orthotopic transplantation model of retinoblastoma in zebrafish as an in vivo animal model for screening of anticancer drugs. METHODS: We injected retinoblastoma cells into the vitreous cavity of zebrafish at 48 hours after fertilization. Eyeballs of zebrafish were scanned daily under the confocal laser microscope, and the tumor population was quantitatively analyzed by measuring the mean intensity of green fluorescent protein (GFP). Transplanted retinoblastoma cells were isolated to perform further analyses including Western blotting and reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction to confirm that retinoblastoma cells maintained their characteristics as tumor cells even after transplantation and further isolation. To figure out the potential of this model for screening of anticancer drugs, zebrafish were cultured in Ringer’s solution containing carboplatin and melphalan after the injection of retinoblastoma cells. RESULTS: The degree of the tumor population was dependent on the number of retinoblastoma cells injected and maintained stably for at least 4 days. Transplanted retinoblastoma cells maintain their proliferative potential and characteristics as retinoblastoma cells after isolation. Interestingly, systemic application of carboplatin and melphalan demonstrated significant reduction in the tumor population, which could be quantitatively analyzed by the estimation of the mean intensity of GFP. CONCLUSIONS: This orthotopic retinoblastoma model in zebrafish is expected to be utilized for the screening of anticancer drugs for the treatment of retinoblastoma

Assessing the safety and use of medicinal herbs during pregnancy: a cross-sectional study in São Paulo, Brazil

Background: Despite the lack of evidence supporting the safety and clinical efficacy of herbal medicine (HM), its use among pregnant women continues to increase. Given the high prevalence of contraindicated herbs among the pregnant population in Brazil, it is crucial to examine the use of HM and evaluate its safety based on the current scientific literature to ensure that women are using HM appropriately.Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from October 2022 to January 2023 at a public teaching hospital in São Paulo, Brazil. A total of 333 postpartum women in the postnatal wards and postnatal clinic were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The survey instrument consisted of 51 items covering the use of HM during pregnancy, sociodemographic and health-related characteristics, COVID-19 experiences, and pregnancy outcomes. For data analysis, chi-square and multivariate logistic regression were conducted using SPSS ver. 26.0.Results: Approximately 20% of respondents reported using HM during their most recent pregnancy, with a higher use observed among women from ethnic minority groups and those with prior HM experience. Among the 20 medicinal herbs identified, 40% were found to be contraindicated or recommended for use with caution during pregnancy. However, only half of the women discussed their HM use with obstetric care providers.Conclusion: This study emphasizes the continued public health concern regarding the use of contraindicated or potentially harmful HM among pregnant women in Brazil, highlighting the need for sustained efforts to reduce the risk of inappropriate HM use. By updating antenatal care guidelines based on the latest scientific evidence, healthcare providers can make informed clinical decisions and effectively monitor pregnant women’s HM use, ultimately promoting safer and more effective healthcare practices

SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant causes brain infection with lymphoid depletion in a mouse COVID-19 model

Background The Omicron variant has become the most prevalent SARS-CoV-2 variant. Omicron is known to induce milder lesions compared to the original Wuhan strain. Fatal infection of the Wuhan strain into the brain has been well documented in COVID-19 mouse models and human COVID-19 cases, but apparent infections into the brain by Omicron have not been reported in human adult cases or animal models. In this study, we investigated whether Omicron could spread to the brain using K18-hACE2 mice susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 infection. Results K18-hACE2 mice were intranasally infected with 1 × 105 PFU of the original Wuhan strain and the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. A follow-up was conducted 7days post infection. All Wuhan-infected mice showed > 20% body weight loss, defined as the lethal condition, whereas two out of five Omicron-infected mice (40%) lost > 20% body weight. Histopathological analysis based on H&E staining revealed inflammatory responses in the brains of these two Omicron-infected mice. Immunostaining analysis of viral nucleocapsid protein revealed severe infection of neuron cells in the brains of these two Omicron-infected mice. Lymphoid depletion and apoptosis were observed in the spleen of Omicron-infected mice with brain infection. Conclusion Lethal conditions, such as severe body weight loss and encephalopathy, can occur in Omicron-infected K18-hACE2 mice. Our study reports, for the first time, that Omicron can induce brain infection with lymphoid depletion in the mouse COVID-19 model

Laboratory information management system for COVID-19 non-clinical efficacy trial data

Background : As the number of large-scale studies involving multiple organizations producing data has steadily increased, an integrated system for a common interoperable format is needed. In response to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a number of global efforts are underway to develop vaccines and therapeutics. We are therefore observing an explosion in the proliferation of COVID-19 data, and interoperability is highly requested in multiple institutions participating simultaneously in COVID-19 pandemic research. Results : In this study, a laboratory information management system (LIMS) approach has been adopted to systemically manage various COVID-19 non-clinical trial data, including mortality, clinical signs, body weight, body temperature, organ weights, viral titer (viral replication and viral RNA), and multiorgan histopathology, from multiple institutions based on a web interface. The main aim of the implemented system is to integrate, standardize, and organize data collected from laboratories in multiple institutes for COVID-19 non-clinical efficacy testings. Six animal biosafety level 3 institutions proved the feasibility of our system. Substantial benefits were shown by maximizing collaborative high-quality non-clinical research. Conclusions : This LIMS platform can be used for future outbreaks, leading to accelerated medical product development through the systematic management of extensive data from non-clinical animal studies.This research was supported by the National research foundation of Korea(NRF) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT) (2020M3A9I2109027 and 2021M3H9A1030260)

The Effects of Wearing Facemasks during Vigorous Exercise in the Aspect of Cardiopulmonary Response, In-Mask Environment, and Subject Discomfort

Non-pharmaceutical intervention such as wearing a mask during the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the most important ways to prevent the spread of the virus. However, despite high effectiveness and easy to access, the biggest problem is ‘discomfort’. The purpose of this study was to measure the changes of cardiopulmonary response and related factors affecting breathing discomfort when wearing a mask during vigorous exercise. Fifteen healthy male adults participated in this study. The experimental protocol consisted of three conditions: no mask; KF-94 mask; and sports mask. Each condition consisted of three stages: stage I, 2 m/s on even level; stage II, 2 m/s with 5° inclination; and stage III, 3 m/s on even level. Oxygen saturation (SaO2) and heart rate (HR), partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2), energy expenditure index (EEI), in-mask temperature, humidity, and a five-point scale questionnaire to evaluate subjective discomfort were measured. The results show that there was a significantly higher discomfort score in mask conditions compared with no mask (p < 0.05) and only pCO2 change significantly related to subjective discomfort during exercise (p < 0.05). Moreover, the pCO2 washout was significantly disturbed when wearing a sports mask in stages 2 and 3, which was related to wearer subjective discomfor

Gait Adaptation Is Different between the Affected and Unaffected Legs in Children with Spastic Hemiplegic Cerebral Palsy While Walking on a Changing Slope

Walking on sloped surfaces requires additional effort; how individuals with spastic hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP) manage their gait on slopes remains unknown. Herein, we analyzed the difference in gait adaptation between the affected and unaffected legs according to changes in the incline by measuring spatiotemporal and kinematic data in children with spastic hemiplegic CP. Seventeen children underwent instrumented three-dimensional gait analysis on a dynamic pitch treadmill at an incline of +10° to −10° (intervals of 5°). While the step length of the affected legs increased during uphill gait and decreased during downhill gait, the unaffected legs showed no significance. During uphill gait, the hip, knee, and ankle joints of the affected and unaffected legs showed increased flexion, while the unaffected leg showed increased knee flexion throughout most of the stance phase compared with the affected leg. During downhill gait, hip and knee flexion increased in the affected leg, and knee flexion increased in the unaffected leg during the early swing phase. However, the ankle plantar flexion increased during the stance phase only in the unaffected leg. Although alterations in temporospatial variables and joint kinematics occurred in both legs as the slope angle changed, they showed different adaptation mechanisms

An advanced 3D lymphatic system for assaying human cutaneous lymphangiogenesis in a microfluidic platform

Abstract The human cutaneous lymphatic system strictly controls lymphatic functions by coordinating with skin cells. The lymphatic system plays important roles in removing cell waste, residual proteins, various antigens, and immune cells from tissues to maintain homeostasis and activate the immune system through the drainage of interstitial fluid1,2. The skin protects our body from external stimuli such as pathogens through the cutaneous lymphatic system3,4. Herein, to develop an in vitro human cutaneous lymphatic model, we present two 3D microfluidic platforms: a lymphangiogenesis model with a precollecting lymphatic vessel-like structure and an advanced lymphangiogenesis model with a functional cutaneous barrier and a precollecting lymphatic vessel-like structure. In addition, we rapidly analyzed prolymphangiogenic effects using methods that incorporate a high-speed image processing system and a deep learning-based vascular network analysis algorithm by 12 indices. Using these platforms, we evaluated the pro-lymphangiogenic effect of Lymphanax, a natural product derived from fresh ginseng. As a result, we demonstrated that Lymphanax induces robust lymphangiogenesis without any structural abnormalities. In conclusion, we suggest that these innovative platforms are useful for studying the interaction between the skin and lymphatic system as well as evaluating the prolymphangiogenic effects of drugs and cosmetics

Viral Shrimp Diseases Listed by the OIE: A Review

Shrimp is one of the most valuable aquaculture species globally, and the most internationally traded seafood product. Consequently, shrimp aquaculture practices have received increasing attention due to their high value and levels of demand, and this has contributed to economic growth in many developing countries. The global production of shrimp reached approximately 6.5 million t in 2019 and the shrimp aquaculture industry has consequently become a large-scale operation. However, the expansion of shrimp aquaculture has also been accompanied by various disease outbreaks, leading to large losses in shrimp production. Among the diseases, there are various viral diseases which can cause serious damage when compared to bacterial and fungi-based illness. In addition, new viral diseases occur rapidly, and existing diseases can evolve into new types. To address this, the review presented here will provide information on the DNA and RNA of shrimp viral diseases that have been designated by the World Organization for Animal Health and identify the latest shrimp disease trends