Progress in perovskite based solar cells: scientific and engineering state of the art

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies undergoing rapid developments. PSC efficiency has reached 25.2% in only seven years, which is close to the record efficiency of silicon solar cells. In addition, the use of PSCs in tandem solar cells either in the 4-terminal or monolithic configuration, can lead to a significant increase conversion efficiency. However, the stability and the scalability are the main issues that still hinder the commercialization of the perovskite technology