INVESTIGATING THE ROLE OF PHOSPHORYLATION IN REGULATING THE MITOTIC FUNCTIONS OF SORTING NEXIN 9 (SNX9)

The Chircop lab identified >12 clathrin-mediated endocytic proteins with roles during mitosis including Sorting Nexin 9 (SNX9). SNX9 has two distinct mitotic roles: 1) during metaphase, where it stabilises clathrin to the mitotic spindle for the formation of inter-microtubule bridges and 2) during cytokinesis, where it is recruited to the intracellular bridge (ICB) for abscission. I sought to understand how these roles are regulated by phosphorylation. SNX9 is phosphorylated on twenty residues, of which I selected six for further study – Y56, S176, Y177, Y219, Y239, T275. By assessing individual phospho-deficient and phospho-mimetic mutants of GFP-SNX9 I found that the two mitotic roles of SNX9 are regulated by phosphorylation. Phospho-mimetic mutations Y56E and T275E delayed mitotic progression. Y56 lies within the SH3 domain (protein binding) and T275 lies within the PX domain (phospholipid binding) of SNX9. By pull-down we found that Y56E disrupts binding to DynII and OCRL; known to bind the SH3 domain of SNX9. The phospho-mimetic mutation Y56E induced multi-polar anaphase. This correlates with delayed metaphase duration. I found that Y56E expressing cells feature: 1) reduced clathrin at the spindle and 2) poor centriole cohesion. Therefore, Y56E appears to induce ‘centrosome fragmentation’ resulting from ‘cohesion fatigue’. During cytokinesis, SNX9 locates to the ICB only during the final one-third of the abscission phase of cytokinesis, when the 'active' abscission process is occurring. This localisation is disrupted by phospho-mimetic mutation T275E. This correlates with greater duration of the abscission phase of cytokinesis. We speculate that SNX9 is recruited to the ICB by binding PI3P. I propose: 1) during late interphase, SNX9 facilitates trafficking of clathrin to the maturing centrosome, 2) during mitosis, phosphorylation at Y56 ‘de-activates’ SNX9, 3) at mitotic exit, phosphatase activity resumes SNX9 activity at the membrane for cytokinesis

Main risk factors associated with small and large ruminant brucellosis

Source at http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/IJAnS/article/view/118115.Brucellosis is a neglected zoonotic bacterial disease in most of the developing world that has a significant impact on public health. The prevalence of brucellosis in livestock, particularly in large and small ruminants is variable in many countries and seems to remain high, especially amongst subsistence and small-scale livestock farmers. There are different factors that may influence the prevalence of brucellosis in large and small ruminants. This review is aiming at describing the most important factors that need to be taken into consideration for the planning and implementation of effective brucellosis control programmes. Common risk factors in the brucellosis development in small and large ruminant animals include species, age, sex, extensive or intensive production system, herd/flock size, mixed farming, introduction of new animals in the farms, breeding practice, hygiene, absence of vaccination, and awareness of the disease. This review suggests that different risk factors might have various impact on brucellosis seroprevalence that need to be addressed in epidemiological studies in different farming systems

Wishbone Structure for Front Independent Suspension of a Military Truck

Wishbone structure for double wishbone front-independent Suspension for a military truck application is presented. At present, the vehicle is equipped with rigid axle with leaf springs. There are two aspects that dictate the design of wishbone structure, viz. the path of relative motion between the constituents of the suspension system and the forces transmitted between them. Also, enhancement of mobility was made possible by maintaining the live axle in the system. A double wishbone, double coil spring with twin damper configuration was employed for this application. MBD Analysis was carried out using MSC ADAMS. A double wishboneindependent suspension has been designed for the front axle and has been successfully integrated with the vehicle.Defence Science Journal, 2010, 60(2), pp.178-183, DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.60.33

Simulation of Chemical Reactions Using Stochastic Petri Nets

The recent breakthroughs in biological experiments have enabled the researchers to measure the quantities of different chemicals that build biological units such as cells. This type of information can be used to build models that can explain and predict the behaviour of the system. Such models can later be used to design control mechanisms that can influence the behaviour of the system in a desired way. With the help of medicine and biology researchers, the designed control mechanisms can be translated into drugs that can control or cure major diseases. Biological systems usually consist of complex networks of biological components that function through various reactions. In order to affect the behaviour of the system efficiently, the chemicals that have the highest influence on the system behaviour have to be found using a sensitivity analysis. Such chemicals, regarded as inputs, will be the targets for drug design (or other control actions). Various modeling tools have been empolyed to capture the behaviour of biological systems. Perhaps the most widely used models are the ordinary differential equations (ODEs). In this thesis, an alternative model is propposed for the study of the chemical reactions based on stochastic Petri nets, one type of discrete event systems. It is shown that the proposed method can be used to find the changes of the chemical reactants. The advantage of the proposed method is that it is amenable to implementation on computing systems with parallel processors. This in turn reduces the (time) computational complexity (compared with ODE based simulations). The Petri net based simulations are also used to perform sensitivity analysis. The proposed method is illustrated using the Caspase Apoptosis network

Antibiotics and malachite green residues in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from the Iranian markets: A risk assessment

ABSTRACTAntibiotic and malachite green residues in farmed rainbow trout muscles were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography for a food risk assessment. The surveillance was carried out on total of 120 rainbow trout fillets, all fishes were randomly sampled from 20 fish markets of Iran. All antibiotics were detected in the range of 0.42–1.20 μg/g for Oxytetracycline, 0.02–0.34 μg/g for Enrofloxacin, 0.21–2.61 μg/g for Florfenicol, and finally 0.02–0.89 μg/g for Malachite green. Our results showed that 99 (82.5%), 36 (30%), 56 (46.6%), and 70 (58.4%) samples contained detectable residues of Oxytetracycline, Enrofloxacin, and Florfenicol antibiotics, and Malachite green, respectively. Our results showed that fish farmers use these drugs in large scale. Further investigations are needed to prevent: the foodborne risk to consumers, the possible environmental contamination, and the antimicrobial resistances

The global epidemiology of Brucella infections in terrestrial wildlife: A meta-analysis

Brucellosis is a widespread zoonotic disease with serious consequences on human and animal health. Brucella infections were reported in many terrestrial wild animals, from subtropical and temperate regions to arctic regions. In many areas, the epidemiology of brucellosis in wildlife is closely associated with the occurrence of the disease in livestock. Some wild species may contribute to the re-introduction of Brucella infections in livestock (spillback), even in officially brucellosis-free (OBF) regions. Through meta-regression analysis, this study draws a global picture of the prevalence of Brucella spp. in terrestrial wild animals, trying to determine most affected subgroups as well as preferential sampling and screening methods. For this purpose, a literature search was carried out among publications published from 1983 to 2019. Different subgroups were compared according to animal species, feeding, gender, age as well as the method used for sampling and for brucellosis diagnostic. To determine heterogeneity of studies, chi-squared test was used and a random-effects model (REM) estimated the pooled prevalence among subgroups. A total of 68 publications, comprising 229 data reports/studies, were selected. The most-reported Brucella species in wildlife was Brucella abortus, and the highest prevalence rate was found in American bison, Bison bison (39.9%) followed by Alpine ibex, Capra ibex (33%). Serology was the most widely applied diagnostic approach (66%), while PCR appeared to be highly sensitive (36.62% of positive results). The gender of animals showed no significant association with the prevalence of brucellosis (p > .05). Blood samples and visceral organs constituted the great majority of specimen used for the detection of Brucella spp., while lymph nodes showed a high prevalence of positive samples (94.6%). The present study provides insight into the global epidemiology and enzootic potential of brucellosis in wild terrestrial animals worldwide, aiming at helping the appropriate authorities to strengthen prevention, surveillance and control strategies

Efektivitas Model Pembelajaran Make A Match terhadap Hasil Belajar IPS Siswa Kelas V SD Negeri 21 Palembang

Penelitian ini membahas tentang efektivitas model pembelajaran make a match terhadap hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V SD Negeri 21 Palembang. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V SD Negeri 21 Palembang, mengetahui hasil belajar IPS siswa dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran make a match, mengetahui adakah keefektifan model pembelajaran make a match terhadap hasil belajar IPS siswa kelas V. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian Kuantitatif Eksperimen yaitu Quasi Eksperimental dengan desain nonequivalent pretest-posttest control group design. Berdasarkan hasil analisis data deskriptif diperoleh perhitungan uji-t di peroleh nilai t_hitung=4,30 jika di bandingkan dengan t_tabel 59 adalah 1,671 berarti t_hitung> t_tabel maka tolak Ho dan Ha di terima. Jadi dapat disimpulkan bahwa model pembelajaran make a match efektif terhadap hasil belajar IPS Siswa kelas V SD Negeri 21 Palembang

Isolation and phylogenic analysis of emerging new antibiotic resistant bacteria, Acinetobacter lwoffii, associated with mortality in farmed rainbow trout

Whereas it is well documented that the genus Acinetobacter is associated with antibiotic resistant bacteria and human clinical infections, there are very few studies to date that report it as an emerging new pathogen for fish. In the present study, Acinetobacter lwoffii was isolated from diseased rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) from Iranian farms, in the Khuzestan Province by both biochemical tests and polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based methods and further confirmed as the causative agent by infectivity experiment. Uni or bilateral exophthalmia, blackening of the skin, abdominal distension, hemorrhages around the mouth cavity and eyes, basal fine, skin, gills and in internal organs were the main clinical signs in the affected fish. Phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA sequence of MD77 revealed a 99% homology with that of A. lwoffii (GenBank accession no. KR856323.1) from Iran. Histopathological changes of challenged rainbow trout including focal necrosis of liver cells (hepatocyte), pyknotic nucleus and karyolysis of hepatocyte, hyperemia, fatty acid composition change of liver, infiltration of inflammatory cells, sinusoidal dilatation and congestion. The drug resistance of isolates and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was examined and showed that A. lwoffii was multiresistant to 8 of the antimicrobial agents tested

INVESTIGATION EFFECTS OF DIFFERENT SALINITY LEVELS ON SORGHUM BICOLOR SEED GERMINATION CHARACTERS

ABSTRACT Plant growth and development are adversely affected by salinity a major environmental stress that limits agricultural production. In order to study the effects of salinity stress on germination indices in Sorghum bicolor seed, an experiment was conducted in factorial form, using a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment was done as completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. The experiment included in five levels of salinity (0, 3, 6, 9, and 12 dS/m). The results showed that with increasing the salinity levels, all the measured parameters including the percentage of germination, rate of germination, and radical and plumule length and plumule weight decreased. More decrease in germination parameters was measured in 9 and 12 dS/m and between control and 3 dS/m there as not significant different