Dynamic Modeling of Natural Convection Solar Energy Flat Plate Collector for Agricultural Driers Ii - Validation of Solution Equations

The analytical solutions to the dynamic model of an air-heating flat plate solar energy thermal collector were validated by direct measurement from a physical model constructed for that purpose, of the temperatures of the cover and absorber plates, the inlet and outlet fluids, and the ambient air from morning to evening for four different days at 1800s intervals.A plot of the measured plates and fluid outlet temperatures showed the values to be very close to those of the analytical dynamic model, the small differences being attributable to the attenuation produced by cloud cover, mist, fog, and rain for the real collector and clear sky conditions for the model. The developed output expressions (in closed form) for the dynamic model of flat plate solar energy air heating collectors can easily be used for optimization studies and design of better air heating solar energy collectors. (SSSCA means "Single Glazing, Single Pass, and Single Flow Air Heating Collector with Flow between the cover and Absorber Plates".

National Improvement of Waiting Times:First Results From the Dutch Head and Neck Audit

ObjectiveTimely treatment initiation in head and neck cancer (HNC) care is of great importance regarding survival, oncological, functional, and psychological outcomes. Therefore, waiting times are assessed in the Dutch Head and Neck Audit (DHNA). This audit aims to assess and improve the quality of care through feedback and benchmarking. For this study, we examined how waiting times evolved since the start of the DHNA.Study DesignProspective cohort study.SettingNational multicentre study.MethodsThe DHNA was established in 2014 and reached national coverage of all patients treated for primary HNC in 2019. DHNA data on curative patients from 2015 to 2021 was extracted on national (benchmark) and hospital level. We determined 3 measures for waiting time: (1) the care pathway interval (CPI, first visit to start treatment), (2) the time to treatment interval (TTI, biopsy to start treatment), and (3) CPI-/TTI-indicators (percentage of patients starting treatment ≤30 days). The Dutch national quality norm for the CPI-indicator is 80%.ResultsThe benchmark median CPI and TTI improved between 2015 and 2021 from 37 to 26 days and 37 to 33 days, respectively. Correspondingly, the CPI- and TTI-indicators, respectively, increased from 39% to 64% and 35% to 40% in 2015 to 2021. Outcomes for all hospitals improved and dispersion between hospitals declined. Four hospitals exceeded the 80% quality norm in 2021.ConclusionWaiting times improved gradually over time, with 4 hospitals exceeding the quality standard in 2021. On the hospital-level, process improvement plans have been initiated. Systematic registration, auditing, and feedback of data support the improvement of quality of care

Work domain analysis and sensors II: Pasteurizer II case study

In this paper we use sensor-annotated abstraction hierarchies (Reising & Sanderson, 1996, 2002a,b) to show that unless appropriately instrumented, configural displays designed according to the principles of ecological interface design (EID) might be vulnerable to misinterpretation when sensors become unreliable or are unavailable. Building on foundations established in Reising and Sanderson (2002a) we use a pasteurization process control example to show how sensor-annotated AHs help the analyst determine the impact of different instrumentation engineering policies on a configural display that is part of an ecological interface. Our analyses suggest that configural displays showing higher-order properties of a system are especially vulnerable under some conservative instrumentation configurations. However, sensor-annotated AHs can be used to indicate where corrective instrumentation might be placed. We argue that if EID is to be effectively employed in the design of displays for complex systems, then the information needs of the human operator need to be considered while instrumentation requirements are being formulated. Rasmussen's abstraction hierarchy-and particularly its extension to the analysis of information captured by sensors and derived from sensors-may therefore be a useful adjunct to up-stream instrumentation design. (C) 2002 Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved

Designing displays under ecological interface design: Towards operationalizing semantic mapping

In recent years, there has been growing interest in Ecological Interface Design (EID), which is the end product of cognitive work analysis (CWA). Even though the process of CWA has been thoroughly explained in Rasmussen, Pejtersen, and Goodstein (1994), there are few detailed examples on how one performs the individual steps involved. This paper deals specifically with the final semantic mapping stage. To date, moving from the system equations given by the work domain to particular display geometries has required some open-ended artistry. We provide several examples of how semantic mapping can be systematically achieved, either by i) borrowing from well-established theoretical depictions of a phenomenon, ii) adapting preexisting displays to fit a particular need, or iii) inventing visual forms by finding a spatial representation for the underlying state equations