49 research outputs found

    Les concepts de base des SystĂšmes d’Information GĂ©ographique (SIG) : les donnĂ©es et les fonctions gĂ©nĂ©rales

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    La gĂ©omatique regroupe l'ensemble des outils et mĂ©thodes permettant d'acquĂ©rir, de reprĂ©senter, d'analyser et d'intĂ©grer les informations Ă  rĂ©fĂ©rence spatiale issues de sources hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes. Cette discipline, dĂ©jĂ  largement dĂ©veloppĂ©e au sein des unitĂ©s de recherche devient de plus en plus couramment utilisĂ©e par les UnitĂ©s ExpĂ©rimentales de l’INRA, notamment par l’utilisation des systĂšmes d’informations gĂ©ographiques (SIG). Dans cet article, nous revenons sur les bases nĂ©cessaires pour comprendre et utiliser un SIG. Un SIG permet de visualiser et d’analyser des donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques de deux formats principaux : le format raster (images satellites, photographies aĂ©riennes, cartes scannĂ©es, etc.) et le format vecteur qui correspond Ă  une simplification du monde rĂ©el en objets graphiques auxquels sont reliĂ©es des informations descriptives plus ou moins complexes. Afin que toutes ces donnĂ©es soient superposables pour ĂȘtre analysĂ©es ensemble, elles doivent appartenir Ă  un systĂšme de coordonnĂ©es ; c’est un systĂšme de rĂ©fĂ©rence permettant d’exprimer la position d’un objet dans ses deux ou trois dimensions. Toutes les donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques peuvent ĂȘtre regroupĂ©es en base des donnĂ©es spatialisĂ©es contenant toutes les informations essentielles pour une bonne utilisation (types de donnĂ©es utilisĂ©es, structure des donnĂ©es descriptives, source, date de crĂ©ation, etc.). Les fonctionnalitĂ©s des SIG permettant l’exploitation des donnĂ©es gĂ©olocalisĂ©es (donnĂ©es issues de GPS, d'imageries satellitales, de photographies aĂ©riennes, de donnĂ©es d’expĂ©rimentation...) sont nombreuses. Les principales sont prĂ©sentĂ©es Ă  travers des exemples issus de problĂ©matiques rencontrĂ©es Ă  l’INRA et sur le logiciels SIG Quantum Gis (QGis : logiciel libre et gratuit). L’utilisation des SIG ne serait pas optimisĂ©e sans une bonne qualitĂ© des donnĂ©es de rĂ©fĂ©rence. Nous dressons ainsi un panorama des donnĂ©es gĂ©ographiques des grands producteurs de donnĂ©es français, accessibles gratuitement ou Ă  faible coĂ»t au monde de la recherche publique depuis ces derniĂšres annĂ©es. La politique de l’Europe et de la France est de dĂ©velopper le partage de l’information gĂ©ographique Ă  l’aide des nouvelles technologies sur Internet, sur mobiles et liĂ© au GPS. L’ensemble de ces Ă©lĂ©ments permet d’envisager une facilitĂ© d’accĂšs et de partage Ă  l’information spatialisĂ©e que l’on peut Ă©galement mettre en place Ă  l’INRA

    A test of psbK-psbI and atpF-atpH as potential plant DNA barcodes using the flora of the Kruger National Park as a model system (South Africa)

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    A DNA barcode consists of a standardized short sequence of DNA (400-800bp) used to identify the taxonomic species a small organic fragment belongs to. Even though it has been easy to discriminate animal species by using the mitochondrial gene cox1, this is still difficult for plants seeing that the mitochondrial genome is not variable enough on the species level. During the Second International Barcode of Life Conference in Tapei (September 2007), different plastid regions were proposed as potential plant DNA barcodes, such as atpF-atpH and psbK-psbI, but no consensus on which region to use was reached during the meeting. The largest plant DNA barcoding study to date proposed matK as the best candidate and suggested that in combination with trnH-psbA a slight increase in performance could be achieved. However, no study has tested the suitability of the newly proposed psbK-psbI and atpF-atpH for plant barcoding purposes. Four potential DNA barcodes, matK, trnH-psbA, atpF-atpH, and psbK-psbI, were amplified and sequenced for a selective sampling including mainly trees and shrubs of the flora of the Kruger National Park Africa (South Africa). The performance of each region and also each possible combination of these were tested by applying a battery of metrics and statistical tests. Our results confirm that the second half (5’ end) of matK is the best candidate in a single locus barcoding approach reaching 87.5% of species correctly identified. Combining matK with trnH-psbA and psbK-psbI increased only slightly the performance in discriminating species. The results from this study show that the use of a ‘three-region barcode’ does not significantly outperform matK in a single-locus barcoding approach. We therefore argue against the ‘multiple barcode approach’ proposed by the plant working group, and instead propose to keep barcoding plants in line with the approach taken for animals, i.e. using one barcode: cox1 for animals and matK for plants

    On the potentiality of UAV multispectral imagery to detect flavescence dorée and grapevine trunk diseases

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    Among grapevine diseases affecting European vineyards, Flavescence dorée (FD) and Grapevine Trunk Diseases (GTD) are considered the most relevant challenges for viticulture because of the damage they cause to vineyards. Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) multispectral imagery could be a powerful tool for the automatic detection of symptomatic vines. However, one major difficulty is to discriminate different kinds of diseases leading to similar leaves discoloration as it is the case with FD and GTD for red vine cultivars. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the potentiality of UAV multispectral imagery to separate: symptomatic vines including FD and GTD (Esca and black dead arm) from asymptomatic vines (Case 1) and FD vines from GTD ones (Case 2). The study sites are localized in the Gaillac and Minervois wine production regions (south of France). A set of seven vineyards covering five different red cultivars was studied. Field work was carried out between August and September 2016. In total, 218 asymptomatic vines, 502 FD vines and 199 GTD vines were located with a centimetric precision GPS. UAV multispectral images were acquired with a MicaSense RedEdgeŸ sensor and were processed to ultimately obtain surface reflectance mosaics at 0.10 m ground spatial resolution. In this study, the potentiality of 24 variables (5 spectral bands, 15 vegetation indices and 4 biophysical parameters) are tested. The vegetation indices are selected for their potentiality to detect abnormal vegetation behavior in relation to stress or diseases. Among the biophysical parameters selected, three are directly linked to the leaf pigments content (chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin). The first step consisted in evaluating the performance of the 24 variables to separate symptomatic vine vegetation (FD or/and GTD) from asymptomatic vine vegetation using the performance indicators from the Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) Curve method (i.e., Area Under Curve or AUC, sensibility and specificity). The second step consisted in mapping the symptomatic vines (FD and/or GTD) at the scale of the field using the optimal threshold resulting from the ROC curve. Ultimately, the error between the level of infection predicted by the selected variables (proportion of symptomatic pixels by vine) and observed in the field(proportion of symptomatic leaves by vine) is calculated. The same methodology is applied to the three levels of analysis: by vineyard, by cultivar (Gamay, Fer Servadou) and by berry color (all red cultivars). At the vineyard and cultivar levels, the best variables selected varies. The AUC of the best vegetation indices and biophysical parameters varies from 0.84 to 0.95 for Case 1 and 0.74 to 0.90 for Case 2. At the berry color level, no variable is efficient in discriminating FD vines from GTD ones (Case 2). For Case 1, the best vegetation indices and biophysical parameter are Red Green Index (RGI)/ Green-Red Vegetation Index (GRVI) (based on the green and red spectral bands) and Car (linked to carotenoid content). These variables are more effective in mapping vines with a level of infection greater than 50%. However, at the scale of the field, we observe misclassified pixels linked to the presence of mixed pixels (shade, bare soil, inter-row vegetation and vine vegetation) and other factors of abnormal coloration (e.g., apoplectic vines)

    Detection of "Flavescence dorée" Grapevine Disease Using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) Multispectral Imagery

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    Flavescence dorée is a grapevine disease affecting European vineyards which has severe economic consequences and containing its spread is therefore considered as a major challenge for viticulture. Flavescence dorée is subject to mandatory pest control including removal of the infected vines and, in this context, automatic detection of Flavescence dorée symptomatic vines by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) remote sensing could constitute a key diagnosis instrument for growers. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the feasibility of discriminating the Flavescence dorée symptoms in red and white cultivars from healthy vine vegetation using UAV multispectral imagery. Exhaustive ground truth data and UAV multispectral imagery (visible and near-infrared domain) have been acquired in September 2015 over four selected vineyards in Southwest France. Spectral signatures of healthy and symptomatic plants were studied with a set of 20 variables computed from the UAV images (spectral bands, vegetation indices and biophysical parameters) using univariate and multivariate classification approaches. Best results were achieved with red cultivars (both using univariate and multivariate approaches). For white cultivars, results were not satisfactory either for the univariate or the multivariate. Nevertheless, external accuracy assessment show that despite problems of Flavescence dorée and healthy pixel misclassification, an operational Flavescence dorée mapping technique using UAV-based imagery can still be proposed

    Potential core species and satellite species in the bacterial community within the rabbit caecum

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    A bacteria library was constructed from the caecum of a rabbit maintained under standard conditions. The complete gene 16S rRNA gene was sequenced. The 228 clones obtained were distributed in 70 operational taxonomic units (OTUs). The large majority of the OTUs were composed of one or two clones and seven OTUs contained half of the sequences. Fourteen sequences had high similarity to the sequence already registered in databases (threshold of 97%). Only one of these sequences has been identified as Variovorax sp. (99% identity). Units were distributed mainly (94%) in the Firmicutes phylum. Three sequences were related to Bacteroidetes. Nine clusters were defined in the phylogenic tree. A great diversity of caecal bacteria of the rabbit was shown. Half of the sequences generated in this library were distributed in the phylogenetic tree near the sequences characterized previously in rabbit caecum (potential core species), and the other half of the sequences were well separated (satellite species)

    La télédétection des infrastructures agro-écologiques : de la promesse aux méthodes opérationnelles (Tél-IAE)

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    Les infrastructures agro-Ă©cologiques comme les haies et les bandes enherbĂ©es sont des Ă©lĂ©ments paysagers clĂ© pour la biodiversitĂ© dans les territoires agricoles. Les cartographier est une Ă©tape importante pour Ă©valuer la qualitĂ© des paysages et prĂ©dire l’impact d’amĂ©nagements. La tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection spatiale prĂ©sente un potentiel important pour atteindre cet objectif Ă  coĂ»t raisonnable et sur une surface importante. Le projet « tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection des infrastructures agroĂ©cologiques » regroupant spĂ©cialistes de la tĂ©lĂ©dĂ©tection et utilisateurs s’est proposĂ© d’évaluer des mĂ©thodes existantes dans des cas variĂ©s et d’en dĂ©velopper de nouvelles. Un site web prĂ©sentant les rĂ©sultats du projet guide l’utilisateur vers des grands types d’options techniques en fonction de son projet et lui donne accĂšs Ă  diverses ressources. La pleine appropriation des mĂ©thodes et outils implique toutefois un dĂ©cloisonnement des mĂ©tiers au delĂ  des considĂ©rations purement techniques

    ConnectivitĂ© spatiale et diversitĂ© des espĂšces: Mise en place d’un rĂ©seau de conservation dans le Parc National du Mercantour

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    La thĂ©matique des forĂȘts anciennes et des forĂȘts matures a Ă©tĂ© au cƓur du sĂ©minaire physique du GT ForĂȘt-Eau, avec l'organisation le 27 octobre 2015 d'une journĂ©e d'Ă©changes et de visite, associant une douzaine de partenaires (INRA, IRSTEA, Purpan, RNF, FPNR, CBNMC...). Au delĂ , PNF [Parcs Nationaux de France] continuera Ă  suivre les diffĂ©rents projets en cours, menĂ©s par des Parcs nationaux ou d'autres partenaires, et Ă  envisager d'autres projets collectifs pour aller plus loin dans la connaissance des forĂȘts anciennes et matures

    PRISE EN COMPTE DE L'AGREGATION DES CULTURES DANS LA SIMULATION DU TRANSFERT RADIATIF : IMPORTANCE POUR L'ESTIMATION DE L'INDICE FOLIAIRE (LAI), DE LA PARCELLE AU PAYSAGE

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    The leaf area index (LAI) is a key variable involved in many biophysical processes. Indirect measurements methods provide LAI estimations from in situ gap fraction measurements. Inversion of reflectance models provides LAI estimations from satellite data with high repetitivity on large areas; the models usually used are one-dimensional because few entry parameters are needed. In both cases, these models assume that the foliage elements are randomly distributed, that is not the case in most of the canopies.The main objective of this work is to evaluate if the use of a clumping index in radiative transfer models could improve the simulations for heterogeneous canopies, in order to provide better LAI estimations.In the first part of the work, we evaluate LAI estimations provided by the analysis of hemispherical photographs with the CAN_EYE software; it provides LAI estimations assuming leaves randomly distributed or taking into account the canopy heterogeneity with a clumping index. The evaluation is done by comparison with destructive measurements carried out over wheat, maize and sunflower crops. The main results show that the LAI estimations are improved when using the clumping index, but its calculation with the Lang and Xiang method (1986) must be done with great care according to the species. Possible improvements for its calculation are discussed.The second part of the work concerns the analysis of BRDF simulations at field and landscape scales. Taking BRDF simulations with a 3D model as references (the DART model, Gastellu et al., 1996), we show first that the use of a clumping index in a one dimensional reflectance model generally improves field BRDF simulations for a maize canopy in the red spectral band. In the near infra red, we have best results when the canopy is considered as homogeneous. At the landscape scale, the changes in agricultural land use seem to be the main factor of heterogeneity and this heterogeneity could be partially taken into account with a clumping factor used to simulate BRDF in the visible spectral band. A preliminary study allows us to conclude that LAI estimations from reflectance models could be improved.L'indice foliaire (LAI) est une variable clĂ© pour l'Ă©tude du fonctionnement des surfaces vĂ©gĂ©tales car elle conditionne les Ă©changes de carbone et d'eau avec l'atmosphĂšre. Les mĂ©thodes de mesures indirectes fournissent des estimations de LAI Ă  partir de mesures de la fraction de trou in situ. Les mĂ©thodes d'estimation du LAI par inversion de modĂšle de rĂ©flectance Ă  partir de donnĂ©es satellitaires utilisent gĂ©nĂ©ralement des modĂšles unidimensionnels car ils nĂ©cessitent peu de paramĂštres d'entrĂ©e. Dans les deux cas, les modĂšles reposent sur l'hypothĂšse que les Ă©lĂ©ments sont distribuĂ©s de façon alĂ©atoire au sein du couvert, ce qui est rarement le cas en rĂ©alitĂ©.Dans ce contexte, le travail rĂ©alisĂ© a pour objectif principal d'Ă©valuer l'apport de l'utilisation d'un coefficient d'agrĂ©gation dans la simulation du transfert radiatif de couverts vĂ©gĂ©taux hĂ©tĂ©rogĂšnes, en vue d'amĂ©liorer les estimations de LAI par inversion de modĂšles turbides.Dans la premiĂšre partie du travail, nous avons Ă©valuĂ© les estimations de LAI fournies par le logiciel de traitement de photographies hĂ©misphĂ©riques CAN_EYE, dont l'intĂ©rĂȘt principal est d'estimer le LAI avec ou sans prise en compte de l'agrĂ©gation des feuilles. L'Ă©valuation a Ă©tĂ© rĂ©alisĂ©e par comparaison avec des mesures destructives effectuĂ©es sur des cultures de blĂ©, maĂŻs et tournesol. Les rĂ©sultats montrent que l'utilisation d'un coefficient d‘agrĂ©gation permet d'amĂ©liorer sensiblement les estimations de LAI. Toutefois, l'analyse suggĂšre que le calcul du coefficient d'agrĂ©gation dans CAN_EYE avec la mĂ©thode de Lang et Xiang (1986) doit ĂȘtre amĂ©liorĂ©.Dans la deuxiĂšme partie du travail, nous avons analysĂ© si l'introduction d'un coefficient d'agrĂ©gation dans un modĂšle de rĂ©flectance unidimensionnel permettait d'amĂ©liorer les simulations de la rĂ©flectance bidirectionnelle (FDRB), Ă  l'Ă©chelle de la parcelle et du paysage. Pour cela, nous avons pris comme rĂ©fĂ©rence des simulations de FDRB issues d'un modĂšle 3D, le modĂšle DART (Gastellu et al., 1996). A l'Ă©chelle de la parcelle, nous avons montrĂ© l'intĂ©rĂȘt du coefficient d'agrĂ©gation pour simuler la FDRB d'une parcelle de maĂŻs dans la bande spectrale du rouge. Dans le PIR, l'utilisation d'un modĂšle unidimensionnel donne de meilleurs rĂ©sultats. A l'Ă©chelle d'un paysage agricole, l'hĂ©tĂ©rogĂ©nĂ©itĂ© sub-parcellaire semble ĂȘtre le facteur primordial et sa prise en compte avec un coefficient d'agrĂ©gation dans le rouge permet d'amĂ©liorer les simulations de la FDRB avec un modĂšle unidimensionnel. Une Ă©tude prĂ©liminaire a permis de mettre en Ă©vidence que les estimations de LAI par inversion pourraient ĂȘtre sensiblement amĂ©liorĂ©es si ce coefficient est introduit pour simuler la FDRB dans le visible

    Prise en compte de l'agrégation des cultures dans la simulation du transfert radiatif (importance pour l'estimation de l'indice foliaire (LAI), de la parcelle au paysage)

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    TOULOUSE3-BU Sciences (315552104) / SudocTOULOUSE-Observ. Midi Pyréné (315552299) / SudocSudocFranceF

    La teledetecciĂł aplicada a la viticultura

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    Las posibilidades que aporta el tratamiento de imágenes de satélite en viticultura tienen un impacto importante en la gestión de las parcelas de la vid. Este cultivo presenta particularidades como su larga permanencia en el terreno y una respuesta de la planta y una productividad variables en función de las condiciones del suelo, hecho que indica el potencial de la utilización de los aspectos relacionados con la variabilidad intraparcelaria. El tratamiento de las señales de sensores de satélites especializados en la observación de la Tierra, utilizando el paquete OEnoview®, permite conocer la variabilidad de la cosecha, la fertilización y los tratamientos fitosanitarios, y ello supone una nueva vía de mejora de la rentabilidad de la explotación y de la calidad del producto. En el caso de la viticultura, enfrentada actualmente a un reto de calidad, económico y medioambiental, el método propuesto permite intuir un amplio campo de aplicaciones. En este artículo se muestran algunos ejemplos en plantaciones de varios países.Palabras clave: índice de vegetación, vigor, suelo, variabilidad interparcelaria, variabilidad intraparcelaria, sostenibilidad.The potential of remote sensing and satellite image processing may have an important impact in improving the management of vineyards. The crop presents a number of specific characteristics such as the long-lasting continuity of the crop in the ground and a variable productivity and plant response according to the soil conditions, suggestive of the potential for using aspects linked to inter-plot variability. The use of the specific package OEnoview®, which processes the signal of sensors on board satellites devoted to Earth observation, provides important knowledge in terms of differential yield, fertilization and pesticide applications. This pathway of work contributes significantly to better profitability and improvement of the final product. Nowadays, in viticulture, the challenge of quality, economic, and environmental issues is relevant, and the method proposed allows a wide range of applications. In this paper, several examples are shown from plantations in different countries.Keywords: vegetation index, vigour, soil, inter-plot variability, intra-plot variability, sustainability.Les possibilitats que ofereix el tractament d’imatges de satèl·lit en viticultura tenen un impacte rellevant en la gestió de les parcel·les de vinya. Aquest cultiu presenta particularitats com ara la llarga permanència al terreny i una resposta de la planta i una productivitat variables en funció de les condicions del sòl, cosa que indica el potencial de la utilització dels aspectes vinculats a la variabilitat intraparcel·lària. El tractament dels senyals de sensors de satèl·lits especialitzats en l’observació de la Terra, mitjançant el paquet OEnoview®, permet conèixer la variabilitat de la collita, la fertilització i els tractaments fitosanitaris, i això suposa una nova via de millora de la rendibilitat de l’explotació i la qualitat del producte. En el cas de la viticultura, enfrontada avui dia a exigències de qualitat, econòmiques i mediambientals intenses, el mètode proposat permet intuir un ampli camp d’aplicacions. En aquest article se’n presenten alguns exemples en plantacions de diversos països.Paraules clau: índex de vegetació, vigor, sòl, variabilitat interparcel·lària, variabilitat intraparcel·lària, sostenibilitat
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