Potential new genes for resistance to Mycosphaerella graminicola identified in Triticum aestivum x Lophopyrum elongatum disomic substitution lines.

Lophopyrum species carry many desirable agronomic traits, including disease resistance, which can be transferred towheat by interspecific hybridization. To identify potentially new genes for disease and insect resistance carried by individual Lophopyrum chromosomes, 19 of 21 possible wheat cultivar Chinese Spring 9 Lophopyrum elongatum disomic substitution lines were tested for resistance to barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV), cereal yellow dwarf virus (CYDV), the Hessian fly Mayetiola destructor, and the fungal pathogens Blumeria graminis and Mycosphaerella graminicola (asexual stage: Septoria tritici). Low resistance to BYDV occurred in some of the disomic substitution lines, but viral titers were significantly higher than those of two Lophopyrum species tested. This suggested that genes on more than one Lophopyrum chromosome are required for complete resistance to this virus. A potentially new gene for resistance to CYDV was detected on wheatgrass chromosome 3E. All of the substitution lines were susceptible to Mayetiola destructor and one strain of B. graminis. Disomic substitution lines containing wheatgrass chromosomes 1E and 6E were significantly more resistant to M. graminicola compared to Chinese Spring. Although neither chromosome by itself conferred resistance as high as that in the wheatgrass parent, they do appear to contain potentially new genes for resistance against this pathogen that could be useful for future plant-improvement programs

The NANOGrav 15 yr Data Set: Search for Transverse Polarization Modes in the Gravitational-wave Background

\ua9 2024. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Recently we found compelling evidence for a gravitational-wave background with Hellings and Downs (HD) correlations in our 15 yr data set. These correlations describe gravitational waves as predicted by general relativity, which has two transverse polarization modes. However, more general metric theories of gravity can have additional polarization modes, which produce different interpulsar correlations. In this work, we search the NANOGrav 15 yr data set for evidence of a gravitational-wave background with quadrupolar HD and scalar-transverse (ST) correlations. We find that HD correlations are the best fit to the data and no significant evidence in favor of ST correlations. While Bayes factors show strong evidence for a correlated signal, the data does not strongly prefer either correlation signature, with Bayes factors ∼2 when comparing HD to ST correlations, and ∼1 for HD plus ST correlations to HD correlations alone. However, when modeled alongside HD correlations, the amplitude and spectral index posteriors for ST correlations are uninformative, with the HD process accounting for the vast majority of the total signal. Using the optimal statistic, a frequentist technique that focuses on the pulsar-pair cross-correlations, we find median signal-to-noise ratios of 5.0 for HD and 4.6 for ST correlations when fit for separately, and median signal-to-noise ratios of 3.5 for HD and 3.0 for ST correlations when fit for simultaneously. While the signal-to-noise ratios for each of the correlations are comparable, the estimated amplitude and spectral index for HD are a significantly better fit to the total signal, in agreement with our Bayesian analysis

How to Detect an Astrophysical Nanohertz Gravitational Wave Background

\ua9 2023. The Author(s). Published by the American Astronomical Society.Analyses of pulsar timing data have provided evidence for a stochastic gravitational wave background in the nanohertz frequency band. The most plausible source of this background is the superposition of signals from millions of supermassive black hole binaries. The standard statistical techniques used to search for this background and assess its significance make several simplifying assumptions, namely (i) Gaussianity, (ii) isotropy, and most often, (iii) a power-law spectrum. However, a stochastic background from a finite collection of binaries does not exactly satisfy any of these assumptions. To understand the effect of these assumptions, we test standard analysis techniques on a large collection of realistic simulated data sets. The data-set length, observing schedule, and noise levels were chosen to emulate the NANOGrav 15 yr data set. Simulated signals from millions of binaries drawn from models based on the Illustris cosmological hydrodynamical simulation were added to the data. We find that the standard statistical methods perform remarkably well on these simulated data sets, even though their fundamental assumptions are not strictly met. They are able to achieve a confident detection of the background. However, even for a fixed set of astrophysical parameters, different realizations of the universe result in a large variance in the significance and recovered parameters of the background. We also find that the presence of loud individual binaries can bias the spectral recovery of the background if we do not account for them

A Study on Women Self Help Group and its Role in Entrepreneurship Development in India

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <pre>               In rural areas, used for a group of persons who come together to save and borrow money. Savings groups are a popular concept in India, especially in rural areas, where people are not familiar with modern banking systems. These groups provide financial support to their members and are often formed with the help of NGOs and government agencies. Savings groups are usually formed by a group of individuals who come together for the common purpose of saving and borrowing money. The group usually consists of 10 to 20 members and each member contributes a small amount of money on a regular basis. Group savings are usually kept in a common bank account and group members can withdraw money from this account at a low interest rate. Self-help groups are usually formed with the help of NGOs and government agencies. These agencies provide training and support to group members to manage group finances effectively. The agency also provides financial literacy training to group members to promote financial inclusion.</pre&gt

A Study on Women Self Help Group and its Role in Entrepreneurship Development in India

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <pre>               In rural areas, used for a group of persons who come together to save and borrow money. Savings groups are a popular concept in India, especially in rural areas, where people are not familiar with modern banking systems. These groups provide financial support to their members and are often formed with the help of NGOs and government agencies. Savings groups are usually formed by a group of individuals who come together for the common purpose of saving and borrowing money. The group usually consists of 10 to 20 members and each member contributes a small amount of money on a regular basis. Group savings are usually kept in a common bank account and group members can withdraw money from this account at a low interest rate. Self-help groups are usually formed with the help of NGOs and government agencies. These agencies provide training and support to group members to manage group finances effectively. The agency also provides financial literacy training to group members to promote financial inclusion.</pre&gt

Solar Powered Smart Irrigation System

Agricultural sector is backbone of Indian economy as population increases demand ofwater also increases. Usually lots of water wastage takes place in the land, due to improper method of irrigation. A solar-based smart irrigation system enables user to monitor the relative soil moisture at many different location throughout the field to more precisely scheduled irrigation cycle. By using solar energy, we can save the electrical energy. The sensing system is based on feedback control mechanism with microcontroller unit depending upon the varied requirement of different crops we can irrigate our field