Neuroprotective Effects of Purple Sweet Potato Balinese Cultivar in Wistar Rats With Ischemic Stroke

BACKGROUND: Purple sweet potato (Ipomoea Batatas L.) is one of the sources for anthocyanin, which promotes the health through antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, neuroprotection, and anti-apoptosis activities. Oxidative stress has been shown to be the cause of apoptosis in ischemic stroke. AIM: The objective of this research was to delineate the pleiotropic effects of anthocyanin for neuroprotection during an acute stroke event. METHODS: Anthocyanin was extracted from Balinese cultivar of purple sweet potato and subsequently administered to rat models of induced ischemic stroke (labelled as treatment group), as well as a placebo (labelled as a control group). Several parameters were in turn evaluated, i.e. the activities of anti-apoptotic (Bcl-2) as well as pro-apoptotic (cytochrome c, caspase-3) molecules, and apoptosis rate. Bcl-2 levels were determined using the histochemical method, cytochrome c and caspase-3 via ELISA method, while apoptosis rate was measured by TdT-medicated Dutp-Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS: Bcl-2 expression demonstrated significantly higher Bcl-2 expression in the treatment compared with control group (median 31.2 vs. 1.1; p = 0.001). Accordingly, pro-apoptotic cytochrome c and caspase-3 levels were also found significantly lower in the treatment as opposed to control group (mean 4.17 vs. 8.06; p = 0.001; mean 3.81 vs. 8.02; p = 0.001). Ultimately, apoptosis rate was found markedly lower among treatment than control groups (mean 3.81 vs. control 21.97; p = 0.003). CONCLUSION: The results of this study indicated a significant neuroprotective effect of anthocyanin derived from Balinese cultivar of PSP. Anthocyanin was able to increase and reduce anti-apoptotic and pro-apoptotic protein levels, respectively, resulting in lesser cellular apoptotic rate when compared with placebo. The potential mechanism was thought mainly due to its anti-oxidant properties

PROFIL GANGGUAN NEUROKOGNITIF PADA PENDERITA PENYAKIT PARKINSON DI RUMAH SAKIT RUJUKAN DI KOTA DENPASAR TAHUN 2018

Abstrak&#x0D; Latar belakang: Fungsi kognitif merupakan aktivitas mental yang dilakukan secara sadar, dan gangguannya dapat diukur secara objektif menggunakan alat diagnosis baku. Gangguan fungsi kognitif memiliki dampak besar pada kualitas hidup penderita Penyakit Parkinson (PP), menambah beban pengampu, dan menambah biaya kesehatan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui prevalensi dan profil gangguan neurokognitif penderita PP di rumah sakit (RS) rujukan Kota Denpasar berdasarkan demografis, gejala PP, dan domain kognitif yang terganggu.&#x0D; Metode: Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif potong lintang terhadap 47 penderita PP rawat jalan di RS rujukan Kota Denpasar.&#x0D; Hasil: Angka kejadian gangguan neurokogitif pada pasien PP di RS rujukan Kota Denpasar sebesar 55.3% dengan distribusi terbanyak pada laki-laki (72.3%), usia ³60 tahun (63.8%), pendidikan perguruan tinggi atau sederajat (44.7%), dan pensiunan (21.3%). Sebagian besar subjek telah menderita PP selama &gt;5 tahun (42.3%), stadium Hoehn and Yahr2 (38.5%), dan gejala motorik dominan berupa rigiditas bilateral (26.9%). Domain yang terganggu adalah eksekutif (48.9%), memori (46.8%), visuospasial (29.8%), atensi (23.4%), dan bahasa (10.6%).&#x0D; Simpulan: Lebih dari setengah penderita PP rawat jalan di RS rujukan Kota Denpasar mengalami gangguan neurokognitif dengan karakteristik laki-laki, usia lebih dari 60 tahun, berpendidikan tinggi, dan pensiunan. Gangguan eksekutif merupakan domain neurokognitif yang paling banyak didapatkan.&#x0D; Kata Kunci: Penyakit Parkinson, gangguan neurokognitif, prevalensi gangguan neurokognitif pada PP&#x0D;  &#x0D; Abstract&#x0D; Background: Cognitive is mental activity performed by human consciously, and the impairment could be evaluated objectively by several diagnostic tools. Impaired cognition has a major impact on quality of life, increasing caregiver burden, and increasing health expense in patients with Parkinson Disease (PD). The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and profile of neurocognitive impairments in patients with PD in referral hospitals in Denpasar, based on demographic, PD symptoms, and cognitive domain disturbed.&#x0D; Method: This study was a descriptive cross-sectional study measured 47 PD outpatients in referral hospitals in Denpasar.&#x0D; Result: The occurance rate of neurocognitive impairment in PD patients in referral hospital in Denpasar was 55.3%, the highest neurocognitive impairment group were male (72.3%), ³60 years old (63.8%), university graduate (44.7%), and retired (21.3%). The subjects were predominantly have PD for more than 5 years (42.3%), Hoehn and Yahr stage 2 (38.5%), and the dominant motoric symptom was bilateral rigidity (26.9%). Domain disturbed were executive (48.9%), memory (46.8%), visuospatial (29.8%), attention (23.4%), and language (10.6%).&#x0D; Conclussion: More than half PD outpatients in referral hospital in Denpasar has neurocognitive impairment. Males, more than60 years old, university graduates, and retired were dominating.Executive disturbance was the most neurocognitive disorders found.&#x0D; Keywords:Parkinson Disease, neurocognitive impairment, neurocognitive impairment prevalence in PD</jats:p

Can Early Electrical Stimulation Accelerates the Neural Regeneration by Increasing the Expression of BDNF and GDNF in Distal Part of Injured Peripheral Nerve? An Animal Experimental Study

BACKGROUND: The role of neurotrophic factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factors and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factors) and early electrical stimulation (EES) in the injured nerve has found promising in several studies. However, there is still limited knowledge about the effect of EES in the distal part of the nerve to sustain this level of expression of growth factors. AIM: We aim to evaluate the effects of EES in in neural regeneration by measuring the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) in animal model. METHODS: The research was conducted starting from April to May 2021 using male Wistar rats. Using general anesthesia, the sciatic nerve was cut. The intervention group was treated with EES in the distal stump, right after nerve resection (20 Hz, 1–2 mA, 2–5 s), while the control group received no treatment after nerve resection. A reoperation on day 3 was performed in both groups to measure BDNF and GDNF expression level of the distal nerve tissue by ELISA as well as histopathological examination of sprouting axons of the injured proximal nerve. RESULTS: A total of 32 samples were included in the study. A statistically significant levels of GDNF is found higher in the EES group (n = 16) than the control group (n = 16) (35. 71 pg/100 mg, confidence interval (CI) 95% 23.93, 47.48, p &lt; 0.05). The number of sprouting axons is found lower in the EES group (p &lt; 0.05). The BDNF level is similar between the two groups, however not significant. After a subgroup analysis, it was found that the greater the level of GDNF, the fewer the axon sprouts in both groups (fewer axon group 58.35 [n = 22, CI 95% 45.14, 71.55] vs. more axon group 47.14 [n = 10, CI 95% 35.33, 58.95]), p &lt; 0.05. CONCLUSION: The EES proves its benefit in accelerating the axonal regeneration by increasing the expression GDNF in the distal nerve stumps in the electrical excited degenerated sciatic nerve in the rat model.</jats:p