1,483 research outputs found
Vaccinations, infections and antibacterials in the first grass pollen season of life and risk of later hayfever
Published source: Bremner, S. A., Carey, I. M., DeWilde, S., Richards, N., Maier, W. C., Hilton, S. R., Strachan, D. P. and Cook, D. G. (2007), Vaccinations, infections and antibacterials in the first grass pollen season of life and risk of later hayfever. Clinical & Experimental Allergy, 37: 512–517. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2007.02697.
A Candidate Sub-Parsec Supermassive Binary Black Hole System
We identify SDSS J153636.22+044127.0, a QSO discovered in the Sloan Digital
Sky Survey, as a promising candidate for a binary black hole system. This QSO
has two broad-line emission systems separated by 3500 km/sec. The redder system
at z=0.3889 also has a typical set of narrow forbidden lines. The bluer system
(z=0.3727) shows only broad Balmer lines and UV Fe II emission, making it
highly unusual in its lack of narrow lines. A third system, which includes only
unresolved absorption lines, is seen at a redshift, z=0.3878, intermediate
between the two emission-line systems. While the observational signatures of
binary nuclear black holes remain unclear, J1536+0441 is unique among all QSOs
known in having two broad-line regions, indicative of two separate black holes
presently accreting gas. The interpretation of this as a bound binary system of
two black holes having masses of 10^8.9 and 10^7.3 solar masses, yields a
separation of ~ 0.1 parsec and an orbital period of ~100 years. The separation
implies that the two black holes are orbiting within a single narrow-line
region, consistent with the characteristics of the spectrum. This object was
identified as an extreme outlier of a Karhunen-Loeve Transform of 17,500 z <
0.7 QSO spectra from the SDSS. The probability of the spectrum resulting from a
chance superposition of two QSOs with similar redshifts is estimated at
2X10^-7, leading to the expectation of 0.003 such objects in the sample
studied; however, even in this case, the spectrum of the lower redshift QSO
remains highly unusual.Comment: 8 pages, 2 figures, Nature in pres
Field evidence for the upwind velocity shift at the crest of low dunes
Wind topographically forced by hills and sand dunes accelerates on the upwind
(stoss) slopes and reduces on the downwind (lee) slopes. This secondary wind
regime, however, possesses a subtle effect, reported here for the first time
from field measurements of near-surface wind velocity over a low dune: the wind
velocity close to the surface reaches its maximum upwind of the crest. Our
field-measured data show that this upwind phase shift of velocity with respect
to topography is found to be in quantitative agreement with the prediction of
hydrodynamical linear analysis for turbulent flows with first order closures.
This effect, together with sand transport spatial relaxation, is at the origin
of the mechanisms of dune initiation, instability and growth.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figures. Version accepted for publication in
Boundary-Layer Meteorolog
White light induced covalent modification of graphene using phenazine dye
Herein, we report a novel strategy for a covalent modification of graphene nanoplatelets with photoactive dyes. Functionalization of the graphene surface was carried out using white light to photochemically generate phenazine radicals and the reaction progress was followed up spectrophotometrically. Characterization of the modified material was carried out by FTIR, XRD, UV-vis absorption, fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy and SEM imaging. This hybrid material has improved solubility, shows an optical band gap of 1.95 eV and is highly emissive in the visible wavelength region
Application of the speed-duration relationship to normalize the intensity of high-intensity interval training
The tolerable duration of continuous high-intensity exercise is determined by the hyperbolic Speed-tolerable duration (S-tLIM) relationship. However, application of the S-tLIM relationship to normalize the intensity of High-Intensity Interval Training (HIIT) has yet to be considered, with this the aim of present study. Subjects completed a ramp-incremental test, and series of 4 constant-speed tests to determine the S-tLIM relationship. A sub-group of subjects (n = 8) then repeated 4 min bouts of exercise at the speeds predicted to induce intolerance at 4 min (WR4), 6 min (WR6) and 8 min (WR8), interspersed with bouts of 4 min recovery, to the point of exercise intolerance (fixed WR HIIT) on different days, with the aim of establishing the work rate that could be sustained for 960 s (i.e. 4×4 min). A sub-group of subjects (n = 6) also completed 4 bouts of exercise interspersed with 4 min recovery, with each bout continued to the point of exercise intolerance (maximal HIIT) to determine the appropriate protocol for maximizing the amount of high-intensity work that can be completed during 4×4 min HIIT. For fixed WR HIIT tLIM of HIIT sessions was 399±81 s for WR4, 892±181 s for WR6 and 1517±346 s for WR8, with total exercise durations all significantly different from each other (P<0.050). For maximal HIIT, there was no difference in tLIM of each of the 4 bouts (Bout 1: 229±27 s; Bout 2: 262±37 s; Bout 3: 235±49 s; Bout 4: 235±53 s; P>0.050). However, there was significantly less high-intensity work completed during bouts 2 (153.5±40. 9 m), 3 (136.9±38.9 m), and 4 (136.7±39.3 m), compared with bout 1 (264.9±58.7 m; P>0.050). These data establish that WR6 provides the appropriate work rate to normalize the intensity of HIIT between subjects. Maximal HIIT provides a protocol which allows the relative contribution of the work rate profile to physiological adaptations to be considered during alternative intensity-matched HIIT protocols
A comparison of the recording of 30 common childhood conditions in the Doctor's Independent Network and General Practice Research Databases.
In this article we compare the recording of 30 common childhood conditions in two general practice databases of anonymised computerised medical records based on fundamentally different systems--the Doctor's Independent Network (DIN) database (Torex system) and the General Practice Research Database (GPRD) (In Practice Systems). Analysing the records of all children born 1990-1993 and followed for 5 years we found comparable results for most conditions, but differences between the hierarchical structures of the diagnostic coding systems (Read in DIN, OXMIS in GPRD) led to some differences between the databases. Practice variation was marked, but comparable between databases. Variation was greatest in conditions that are poorly defined clinically
Tm³⁺ Tellurite-Modified-Silica Glass Thin Films Fabricated Using Ultrafast Laser Plasma Doping
Thin glass films have been produced by implanting Tm³⁺ doped and Tm³⁺/Er³⁺ codoped tellurite glasses into silica substrates using ultrafast laser plasma doping for the first time. The resulting glass films had thicknesses of up to 2 µm, refractive indices of 1.5 – 1.65 and exhibited photoluminscence in the 1.5 – 2.1 µm wavelength region when excited with 808 nm and 976 nm laser diodes. The OH⁻ content of the silica glass substrate was also found to have an effect on the Tm³⁺: ³F₄ photoluminescence lifetime in the modified thin glass film layer, with the high OH⁻ containing substrate exhibiting a shorter lifetime. Through optimisation of the femtosecond laser ablation parameters, we have produced crack-free thin films of Tm³⁺ doped tellurite-modified silica glass layers with good thickness uniformities of ±10 nm, and the refractive index of the modified layer is up to 13% higher than the bare substrate material
Sex-Specific Differences in Shoaling Affect Parasite Transmission in Guppies
Background: Individuals have to trade-off the costs and benefits of group membership during shoaling behaviour. Shoaling can increase the risk of parasite transmission, but this cost has rarely been quantified experimentally. Guppies (Poecilia reticulata) are a model system for behavioural studies, and they are commonly infected by gyrodactylid parasites, notorious fish pathogens that are directly transmitted between guppy hosts.
Methodology/Principal Findings:Parasite transmission in single sex shoals of male and female guppies were observed using an experimental infection of Gyrodactylus turnbulli. Parasite transmission was affected by sex-specific differences in host behaviour, and significantly more parasites were transmitted when fish had more frequent and more prolonged contact with each other. Females shoaled significantly more than males and had a four times higher risk to contract an infection.
Conclusions/Significance: Intersexual differences in host behaviours such as shoaling are driven by differences in natural and sexual selection experienced by both sexes. Here we show that the potential benefits of an increased shoaling tendency are traded off against increased risks of contracting an infectious parasite in a group-living species
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