The Controlled Oxidation of Lignite in a Fixed Bed

The use of cooling coils or pipes to control the reaction zone temperatures when oxidizing lignite in a fixed bed was studied. The experimental procedures involved passing heated air through a bed of lignite to initiate spontaneous heating and then removing the heat generated using a water cooled coil. Variables investigated included the lignite moisture content, prior oxidation history, and lignite source. Spontaneous heating was initiated in lignite from three different mines, and at initial moisture contents from bed moisture down to 10 percent by heating the lignite to 250-260 °F while passing air slowly through the bed. At moisture contents below 10 percent or after severe oxidation the temperature necessary to initiate spontaneous heating rose to over 300 °F. The low thermal conductivity of the lignite bed was found to prevent adequate heat removal from the bed to permit satisfactory control of the oxidation of lignite. An equation describing the temperature distribution in the lignite between cooling pipes embedded in the oxidizing lignite was developed

Gary Snyder\u27s Path

Early in Gary Snyder\u27s life, he lived a rootless existence in pursuance of gaining spiritual satisfaction through a more harmonious relationship with nature. This rootlessness that dominated this period of Snyder\u27s life originated in Snyder\u27s European ancestors lifestyle, which valued exploiting the natural world for a profit. Through exposure to Chinese landscape paintings, Snyder found Buddhism and began to practice it as a means to reconcile his own humanity with the natural world, which his cultural heritage has alienated himself from. Through Buddhism, Snyder realizes the importance of reuniting humanity with the natural world. Upon gaining this knowledge, Snyder assumes the role of shaman and attempts to help humanity reconnect with the natural world. Snyder withdrew from the human realm and immersed himself in the natural in shamanistic ritual in order to focus his thoughts on how to reunite humanity to the old ways. The goal is to reestablish a relationship between earlier cultures and modem American culture that would ultimately harmonize the natural world with the human world, and through his poems, Snyder establishes a path that shows the way to do so. In order to fully reconnect humanity with the natural world, Snyder urges a deep ecology stance; he urges all humans to settle down and root themselves in one place. Rooting oneself in one place will help to create a community, which will include the natural world, and an equal relationship will grow between the human inhabitants and the natural. Without a relationship with the land one lives on, one is unable to fully understand him/herself and will be unable to live life to the degree that one is who roots him/herself and fully understands what occurs in that one area on a daily basis

Taking The Students Lead In Teaching Tax

Business education, as a discipline and profession, is evolving in response to changes in our domestic and global environment, technology, subject matter content, and needs of the end-user.  In response to these changes, business educators continue to evaluate and refine their instructional methodologies and other components of delivery systems within the learning environment.  As with courses, such as individual and corporate income tax, instructors for years have relied on the use of published course lecture materials, forms of media, and packaged supplements, such as tax software.  The delivery of information in the form of lectures or other conveyances is often followed up by open-ended and short-response questions, but this is only the beginning for one wishing to meet the needs and expectations of employers and students.  Seasoned teachers learn to modify the learning environment to meet the learning styles and special needs of their students.  The way in which this is accomplished can make the teaching and learning environment exciting and rewarding.  This article incorporates ways in which the teacher can build a successful learning environment while meeting the academic goals and objectives of the course

A Comparison of the Maximal Torque Production of the Quadriceps Muscle during Morning and Afternoon Strength Assessment

The purpose of this study was to compare maximal quadriceps torque production between morning (AM) and afternoon (PM) hours. Thirty healthy male subjects between the ages of 21 and 43 were tested during an AM and PM session on the Kin-Com dynamometer. Six concentric isokinetic contractions of the right quadriceps were tested at a speed of 60° Is. The maximal peak torque measurements were compared between the AM and PM sessions to establish the validity of results taken at differing times of day. No significant difference in strength assessment due to time of day was found. The data collected in this study suggest clinical assessments of maximal peak torque production are not biased by time of day

Optimal Designs for the Hill Model with Three Parameters

Optimal designs specify design points to use and how to distribute subjects over these design points in the most efficient manner. The Hill model with three parameters is often used to describe sigmoid dose response functions. In our paper, we study optimal designs under the Hill model. The first is D-optimal design, which works best to study the model to fit the data. Next is c-optimal design, which works best to study a target dose level, such as ED50 - the dose level with 50% maximum treatment effect. The third is a two-stage optimal design, which considers both D-optimality and c-optimality. In order to compare the optimal designs, their design efficiencies are compared

Years Spent in Secondary Physical Education and Levels of Physical Activity in College Students and Adults

Physical education requirements in the United States vary and are often left to local districts in each state to decide. Considering the relationship between physical activity and obesity and physical fitness with mortality, requirements relating to national recommendations appear important. Long term implications of participation in physical education are contradictory at best with the limited studies performed concluding conflicting results. Purpose: To examine the relationship between years of participation in physical education at a high school level and levels of physical activity and fitness in college students and adults. Methods: Forty-one participants ranging in age from 18-65 (mean age 33.6) were recruited utilizing an inter-collegiate mailing system. Participants completed a self-administered IPAQ long-form questionnaire as well as additional physical education related questions. Participants also completed a YMCA Step Test. Results: When comparing participant results to national recommendations for physical activity 6 of 41 met vigorous physical activity guidelines (14.6%), and 0 met guidelines for moderate physical activity. When adding in vigorous outdoor housework those meeting vigorous guidelines went up to 11 of 41 participants (26.8%), and when adding in moderate outdoor and indoor housework those meeting moderate guidelines went up to 4 of 41 (9.7%). Mean score of 4.5 on the YMCA Step Test for all participants was between below average and poor with a standard deviation of nearly two scoring levels. No significant relationships were found when comparing time spent in physical education classes (required or total) to recalled moderate physical activity and fitness levels in college students and adults, while a significant relationship was seen when comparing the time spent in physical education classes (required and total) to recalled vigorous physical activity and fitness levels in college students and adults (p=0.02). Conclusion: Further study to examine the relationship between physical education and long-term physical activity is needed with particular attention being paid to physical education requirements and their variances.https://idun.augsburg.edu/zyzzogeton/1018/thumbnail.jp