Transnationalization of climate adaptation by regional governments and the RegionsAdapt initiative

Adaptation to climate change has traditionally been framed as a local problem. However, in recent years, adaptation has risen on the global policy agenda. This article contributes to the study of transnational climate adaptation through an investigation of international connectivity on climate adaptation between regional policy-makers. We examine the RegionsAdapt initiative, the first global commitment to promote and track the progress of regional adaptation. While adapting to climate change at the regional level is crucial, we suggest that transnational adaptation governance not only helps to promote adaptation measures, but also improves the process of tracking the progress of such action, its visibility and its aggregation

FOCOS DE QUEIMADAS NAS UNIDADES DE CONSERVAÇÃO E TERRAS INDÍGENAS DO PANTANAL, 2000-2008

Este estudo quantificou a ocorrência de focos de queima de vegetação detectados por satélites em duas Unidades de Conservação (UCF) Federais, seis Estaduais (UCE) e sete Terras Indígenas (TI) do bioma Pantanal no período 2000 a 2008. Considerando as imagens dos satélites disponíveis, 15 áreas de proteção apresentaram focos. Limitando as detecções à série referencial dos satélites NOAA-12 e NOAA-15, apenas uma UCE, de superfície mínima, não teve registros de focos. Como a maioria dos focos concentrou-se nos meses de seca, quando não ocorrem raios, deduz-se que o fogo eventual foi de origem antrópica. O ano de 2005 foi o mais seco do período, com ~100 mm de precipitação abaixo da normal climatológica para a região; e nele, o trimestre naturalmente seco de julho-agosto-setembro (JAS) concentrou o maior número focos nas áreas estudadas, 2637. Nos anos de 2003, 2006 e 2008, com precipitação acima da média, foram observadas as menores quantidades de focos. Em 2003, o ano mais úmido com ~100 mm acima da normal em JAS verificou-se apenas 10 focos. Estes resultados indicam que as áreas de proteção no Pantanal podem ser significativamente afetadas pelo fogo de origem antrópica, particularmente nos anos de estiagem pronunciada. Palavras-chave: Fogo. Unidades de conservação. Terras indígenas. Pantanal. Satélites. Fires in Conservation Units and Indigenous Territories at Pantanal, 2000-2008 This study quantified the occurrence of vegetation fires detected by satellites in two federal and six state conservation units (respectively FC and SC) and seven Indigenous territories (IT) in the Brazilian Pantanal biome for the period 2000-2008. Considering all images from the available satellites, fire pixels occurred in all of these 15 protection areas. When limited to the reference series using data from the NOAA-12 and NOAA-15 satellites, only one SC showed no fires. Since the majority of the fires concentrated in the dry months, and therefore when no lightning occurs, one concludes that the fires had an anthropogenic origin. The year of 2005 was the driest in the period, with ~100 mm of precipitation below the climatic normal in the region, and its naturally dry trimester of July-August-September (JAS) concentrated the largest amount of fire pixels, 2637. The years of 2003, 2006 and 2008, with precipitation above the average, had the lowest amounts of fires, and 2003, the wettest, with about 100 mm above the normal on JAS, had just 10 fire pixels. The results indicate that the protected areas in the Pantanal can be significantly affected by fires of anthropogenic origin, particularly in the years of pronounced drought. Key words: Fire. Conservation units. Indigenous territories. Pantanal. Satellites

Monitoramento orbital das queimadas no Brasil.

Este trabalho apresenta dados numéricos e cartográficos, obtidos por um sistema de monitoramento orbital da ocorrência de queimadas no Brasil. Uma descrição sucinta dos métodos desenvolvidos é apresentada, assim como dos resultados e progressos obtidos por esse esforço multi-institucional entre 1991 e 1993. O trabalho contém 46 mapas nacionais, regionais e estaduais de queimadas, uma amostragem dos cerca de 350 mapas gerados anualmente pelo sistema de monitoramento orbital de queimadas.bitstream/item/107935/1/1474.pd

Mapeamento de Áreas Queimadas em Unidades de Conservação da Região Serrana do Rio de Janeiro Utilizando o Satélite Landsat-8 Durante a Seca de 2014

Entre janeiro de 2014 e fevereiro de 2015, a região Sudeste do Brasil experimentou uma das maiores secas de sua história, favorecendo um aumento significativo no número de incêndios florestais na Região Serrana do Rio de Janeiro (RSRJ). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho é mapear a extensão das áreas queimadas via sensoriamento remoto, em três Unidades de Conservação da RSRJ: Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) de Petrópolis, Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos (PARNASO) e Reserva Biológica (REBIO) de Araras. A estimativa das áreas queimadas é feita com base no índice de queimadas W utilizando imagens pré e pós-fogo das bandas 5 (0,88 μm) e 7 (2,11 μm) do sensor OLI/Landsat-8. Limiares espaciais e temporais de W foram estabelecidos e o mapeamento foi realizado considerando a superfície modelada através do Modelo Digital de Elevação SRTM Plus. O total de área queimada estimada foi de 3904 ha, a APA, PARNASO e REBIO com 2819 ha, 850 ha e 236 ha respectivamente. Os resultados foram corroborados pelos focos de calor obtidos por satélites provenientes do Banco de Dados de Queimadas do INPE e pelos pareceres técnicos oficiais elaborados in situ pelo Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade (ICMBio)

Burned area mapping in the brazilian savanna using a one-class support vector machine trained by active fires

We used the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) active fire data (375 m spatial resolution) to automatically extract multispectral samples and train a One-Class Support Vector Machine for burned area mapping, and applied the resulting classification algorithm to 300-m spatial resolution imagery from the Project for On-Board Autonomy-Vegetation (PROBA-V). The active fire data were screened to prevent extraction of unrepresentative burned area samples and combined with surface reflectance bi-weekly composites to produce burned area maps. The procedure was applied over the Brazilian Cerrado savanna, validated with reference maps obtained from Landsat images and compared with the Collection 6 Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MODIS) Burned Area product (MCD64A1) Results show that the algorithm developed improved the detection of small-sized scars and displayed results more similar to the reference data than MCD64A1. Unlike active fire-based region growing algorithms, the proposed approach allows for the detection and mapping of burn scars without active fires, thus eliminating a potential source of omission error. The burned area mapping approach presented here should facilitate the development of operational-automated burned area algorithms, and is very straightforward for implementation with other sensorsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

Test methods to determine durability of concrete under combined environmental actions and mechanical load: final report of RILEM TC 246-TDC

At present several methods are available to predict the durability of reinforced concrete structures. In most cases, one dominant deterioration process such as carbonation or chloride penetration is taken into consideration. Experimental results as well as observations in practice show that this is not a realistic and certainly not a conservative approach. In order to test more realistically, RILEM TC 246-TDC, founded in 2011, has developed a method to determine the durability of concrete exposed to the combined action of chloride penetration and mechanical load. In this report, a test method is presented which allows determination of realistic diffusion coefficients for chloride ions in concrete under compressive or tensile stress. Comparative test results from five different laboratories showed that the combination of mechanical and environmental loads may be much more severe than a single environmental load without mechanical loading. Modelling and probabilistic analysis also showed that the obvious synergetic effects cannot be neglected in realistic service life prediction

Subnational climate entrepreneurship: innovative climate action in California and São Paulo

The distinct role of subnational governments such as states and provinces in addressing climate change has been increasingly acknowledged. But while most studies investigate the causes and consequences of particular governments’ actions and networking activities, this article argues that subnational governments can develop climate action as a collective entrepreneurial activity. Addressing many elements explored in this special issue, it focuses on the second question and identifies climate entrepreneurship in two subnational governments—the states of California (USA) and São Paulo (Brazil). Examining internal action, as well as interaction with local authorities, national governments and the international regime, entrepreneurial activities are identified in the invention, diffusion and evaluation of subnational climate policy in each case. The article draws from the recent scholarship on policy innovation, entrepreneurship and climate governance. It contributes to the literature by exploring entrepreneurial subnational government activity in addressing climate change and expanding the understanding of the effects of policy innovation at the subnational level

Generating structured non-smooth priors and associated primal-dual methods

The purpose of the present chapter is to bind together and extend some recent developments regarding data-driven non-smooth regularization techniques in image processing through the means of a bilevel minimization scheme. The scheme, considered in function space, takes advantage of a dualization framework and it is designed to produce spatially varying regularization parameters adapted to the data for well-known regularizers, e.g. Total Variation and Total Generalized variation, leading to automated (monolithic), image reconstruction workflows. An inclusion of the theory of bilevel optimization and the theoretical background of the dualization framework, as well as a brief review of the aforementioned regularizers and their parameterization, makes this chapter a self-contained one. Aspects of the numerical implementation of the scheme are discussed and numerical examples are provided

Dinâmica do uso e cobertura do solo em áreas queimadas de municípios na Amazônia brasileira.

The disordered occupation in the Amazon, the population growth due the National Integration Plan and the lack of new techniques and technologies diffusion for crops management, economically accessible and less aggressiveness to the environment, resulted in the suppression of the natural forest in approximately 25% of the total area Of the Amazon. A factor associated with this suppression, due to its economic viability and local culture, the fire, is used for the conversion of forests to agricultural areas and the maintenance of previously established crops. In order to study this context, the present paper had as objective to identify the classes of land use and cover associated with the fire spots detected by satellites, also indicating burn recurrence areas for the municipalities of Santa Maria das Barreiras - PA, Colniza-MT And Porto Velho - RO.The results indicate that in the period from 2008 to 2014, 67% of the areas associated with the fire spots presented "Low" occurrence, associated mainly with the "Pasture" classes. There was an average loss of forest area of 7.2% over low recurrence areas, while in high recurrence areas there was an average loss of 22.5