Improvement in workability of terminals placed along the inner side of port vertical breakwaters by means of recurved parapet walls

The function of main port breakwaters is to protect harbour basins from incoming waves and currents. In the event that a maritime terminal is placed on the inner side of a main breakwater, it is extremely important to limit waves overtopping the structure, because the overtopping flows may be very dangerous for the safety of the operations taking place in the terminal. Very often during storms if the overtopping discharges are severe, the terminal is temporarily closed, reducing its average annual workability accordingly. Wave overtopping is normally limited by using high parapet walls (crownwalls) which are not well considered from an environmental point of view due to their visual impact. A good solution to reduce wave overtopping limiting the increasing of the crownwalls height, is to use recurved parapet walls. The paper presents a new formula for recurved walls which can be used to estimate the overtopping flow rates reduction compared to normal vertical parapets. The formula has been obtained for vertical breakwaters by using numerical computations. The recurved parapet has the shape of a circumference sector, characterized by a radius and an opening angle. The numerical computations were performed applying OpenFOAM® which solves the 3D RANS equations for multiphase flows (air and water). The results show the high hydraulic efficiency of recurved walls in reducing overtopping rates compared to traditional vertical parapets

Numerical and Physical Modeling of Ponte Liscione (Guardialfiera, Molise) Dam Spillways and Stilling Basin

Issues such as the design or reauditing of dams due to the occurrence of extreme events caused by climatic change are mandatory to address to ensure the safety of territories. These topics may be tackled numerically with Computational Fluid Dynamics and experimentally with physical models. This paper describes the 1:60 Froude-scaled numerical model of the Liscione (Guardialfiera, Molise, Italy) dam spillway and the downstream stilling basin. The k-omega SST turbulence model was chosen to close the Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations (RANS) implemented in the commercial software Ansys Fluent(R). The computation domain was discretized using a grid with hexagonal meshes. Experimental data for model validation were gathered from the 1:60 scale physical model of the Liscione dam spillways and the downstream riverbed of the Biferno river built at the Laboratory of Hydraulic and Maritime Constructions of the Sapienza University of Rome. The model was scaled according to the Froude number and fully developed turbulent flow conditions were reproduced at the model scale (Re > 10,000). From the analysis of the results of both the physical and the numerical models, it is clear that the stilling basin is undersized and therefore insufficient to manage the energy content of the fluid output to the river, with a significant impact on the erodible downstream river bottom in terms of scour depths. Furthermore, the numerical model showed that a less vigorous jet-like flow is obtained by removing one of the sills the dam is supplied with

Hindcast and forecast of the Parsifal storm

On 2 November 1995 a Mistral storm in the Gulf of Lions sank the 16 metre yacht Parsifal claiming six lives out of the nine member crew. We analyse the storm with different meteorological and wave models, verifying the results against the available buoy and satellite measurements. Then we consider the accuracy of the storm forecasts and the information available the days before the accident. The limitations related to the resolution of the meteorological models are explored by hindcasting the storm also with the winds produced by some limited area models. Finally, we discuss the present situation of wind and wave hindcast and forecast in theMediterranean Sea, and the distribution of these results to the public

Hindcast and forecast of the Parsifal storm

On 2 November 1995 a Mistral storm in the Gulf of Lions sank the 16 metre yacht Parsifal claiming six lives out of the nine member crew. We analyse the storm with different meteorological and wave models, verifying the results against the available buoy and satellite measurements. Then we consider the accuracy of the storm forecasts and the information available the days before the accident. The limitations related to the resolution of the meteorological models are explored by hindcasting the storm also with the winds produced by some limited area models. Finally, we discuss the present situation of wind and wave hindcast and forecast in theMediterranean Sea, and the distribution of these results to the public

Data repurposing from digital home cage monitoring enlightens new perspectives on mouse motor behaviour and reduction principle

: In this longitudinal study we compare between and within-strain variation in the home-cage spatial preference of three widely used and commercially available mice strains-C57BL/6NCrl, BALB/cAnNCrl and CRL:CD1(ICR)-starting from the first hour post cage-change until the next cage-change, for three consecutive intervals, to further profile the circadian home-cage behavioural phenotypes. Cage-change can be a stressful moment in the life of laboratory mice, since animals are disturbed during the sleeping hours and must then rapidly re-adapt to a pristine environment, leading to disruptions in normal motor patterns. The novelty of this study resides in characterizing new strain-specific biological phenomena, such as activity along the cage walls and frontality, using the vast data reserves generated by previous experimental data, thus introducing the potential and exploring the applicability of data repurposing to enhance Reduction principle when running in vivo studies. Our results, entirely obtained without the use of new animals, demonstrate that also when referring to space preference within the cage, C57BL/6NCrl has a high variability in the behavioural phenotypes from pre-puberty until early adulthood compared to BALB/cAnNCrl, which is confirmed to be socially disaggregated, and CRL:CD1(ICR) which is conversely highly active and socially aggregated. Our data also suggest that a strain-oriented approach is needed when defining frequency of cage-change as well as maximum allowed animal density, which should be revised, ideally under the EU regulatory framework as well, according to the physiological peculiarities of the strains, and always avoiding the "one size fits all" approach

Neuronal Phenotype of col4a1 and col25a1: An Intriguing Hypothesis in Vertebrates Brain Aging

Collagens are the most abundant proteins in vertebrates and constitute the major components of the extracellular matrix. Collagens play an important and multifaceted role in the development and functioning of the nervous system and undergo structural remodeling and quantitative modifications during aging. Here, we investigated the age-dependent regulation of col4a1 and col25a1 in the brain of the short-lived vertebrate Nothobranchius furzeri, a powerful model organism for aging research due to its natural fast-aging process and further characterized typical hallmarks of brain aging in this species. We showed that col4a1 and col25a1 are relatively well conserved during vertebrate evolution, and their expression significantly increases in the brain of N. furzeri upon aging. Noteworthy, we report that both col4a1 and col25a1 are expressed in cells with a neuronal phenotype, unlike what has already been documented in mammalian brain, in which only col25a1 is considered a neuronal marker, whereas col4a1 seems to be expressed only in endothelial cells. Overall, our findings encourage further investigation on the role of col4a1 and col25a1 in the biology of the vertebrate brain as well as the onset of aging and neurodegenerative diseases

The toxicity of chlorpyrifos towards differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells

The aim of this work was to study the effects of chlorpyrifos (CPF) on the outgrowth of axons by differentiating mouse N2a neuroblastoma cells. This was achieved by morphological, Western blotting and enzymatic analyses of cells induced to differentiate in the presence and absence of CPF added either at the same time (co-differentiation) or 16 h after (post-differentiation) the induction of cell differentiation. The outgrowth of axon-like processes was impaired following 4 or 8 h exposure to CPF in both co- and post-differentiation experiments. Western blotting analysis revealed reduced levels of neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) following 8 h of exposure but no significant effect at 4 h under both co- and post-differentiation conditions. By contrast, levels of the heat shock protein HSP-70 were raised at both time points, but only in co-differentiation experiments. Neuropathy target esterase (NTE) activity was lower than controls following 4 or 8 h of exposure under co-differentiation conditions, but not under any post-differentiation conditions. The results suggest that the inhibition of axon production and maintenance by CPF in differentiating N2a cells may involve multiple targets, which are different under co- and post-differentiation conditions

Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height: Inter-Comparison of Different Estimation Approaches Using the Raman Lidar as Benchmark

This work stems from the idea of improving the capability to measure the atmospheric boundary layer height (ABLH) in variable or unstable weather conditions or in the presence of turbulence and precipitation events. A new approach based on the use of rotational and roto-vibrational Raman lidar signals is considered and tested. The traditional gradient approach based on the elastic signals at wavelength 532 nm is also considered. Lidar data collected by the University of Basilicata Raman lidar (BASIL) within the Special Observation Period 1 (SOP 1) in Cardillargues (Ceveninnes-CV supersite) during the Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean Experiment (HyMeX) were used. Our attention was specifically focused on the data collected during the period 16-21 October 2012. ABLH estimates from the Raman lidar were compared against other innovative methods, such as the recently established Morphological Image Processing Approach (MIPA) and the temperature gradient technique applied to potential temperature obtained from radio-sounding data. For each considered methodology, a statistical analysis was carried out. In general, the results from the different methodologies are in good agreement. Some deviations have been observed in correspondence with quite unstable weather conditions