A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Late leaf spot (LLS) and rust are two major foliar diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) that often occur together leading to 50–70% yield loss in the crop. A total of 268 recombinant inbred lines of a mapping population TAG 24 × GPBD 4 segregating for LLS and rust were used to undertake quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Phenotyping of the population was carried out under artificial disease epiphytotics. Positive correlations between different stages, high to very high heritability and independent nature of inheritance between both the diseases were observed. Parental genotypes were screened with 1,089 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, of which 67 (6.15%) were found polymorphic. Segregation data obtained for these markers facilitated development of partial linkage map (14 linkage groups) with 56 SSR loci. Composite interval mapping (CIM) undertaken on genotyping and phenotyping data yielded 11 QTLs for LLS (explaining 1.70–6.50% phenotypic variation) in three environments and 12 QTLs for rust (explaining 1.70–55.20% phenotypic variation). Interestingly a major QTL associated with rust (QTLrust01), contributing 6.90–55.20% variation, was identified by both CIM and single marker analysis (SMA). A candidate SSR marker (IPAHM 103) linked with this QTL was validated using a wide range of resistant/susceptible breeding lines as well as progeny lines of another mapping population (TG 26 × GPBD 4). Therefore, this marker should be useful for introgressing the major QTL for rust in desired lines/varieties of groundnut through marker-assisted backcrossing

A Value-Centered Approach to Decent Work

This chapter intends to propose an overarching perspective, based on a value-centered, life design-based conception of decent work, that could serve as a general framework for practitioners in their effort to elaborate and implement specific intervention methods and strategies. Highlighting the necessity to help our clients reach a decent occupational situation both from an objective and subjective viewpoint, we build on the ILO’s guidelines for the promotion of decent work and offer a review of the subjective factors involved in the human experience of working, such as meaning of work, relationships to working and work values. Finally, the limits of a narrow understanding of such a value-based approach are mentioned. In order to reconcile our clients’ aspirations and rights to attain decent and meaningful work, with our societies’ needs for fair and sustainable development, we posit that, even when working with individual subjectivity, we should strive for the promotion of ethical principles as well as foster collective responsibility and social utility