131 research outputs found
Green's functions on finite lattices and their connection to the infinite lattice limit
It is shown that the Green's function on a finite lattice in arbitrary space
dimension can be obtained from that of an infinite lattice by means of
translation operator. Explicit examples are given for one- and two-dimensional
lattices
A glimpse of a Luttinger liquid
The concept of a Luttinger liquid has recently been established as a
fundamental paradigm vital to our understanding of the properties of
one-dimensional quantum systems, leading to a number of theoretical
breakthroughs. Now theoretical predictions have been put to test by the
comprehensive experimental study.Comment: Unedited version of N&V article in Nature materials 4, 273 (2005
The Magic Angle "Mystery" in Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy: Relativistic and Dielectric Corrections
Recently it has been demonstrated that a careful treatment of both
longitudinal and transverse matrix elements in electron energy loss spectra can
explain the mystery of relativistic effects on the {\it magic angle}. Here we
show that there is an additional correction of order where is
the atomic number and the fine structure constant, which is not
necessarily small for heavy elements. Moreover, we suggest that macroscopic
electrodynamic effects can give further corrections which can break the
sample-independence of the magic angle.Comment: 10 pages (double column), 6 figure
Exact ground states for the four-electron problem in a two-dimensional finite Hubbard square system
We present exact explicit analytical results describing the exact ground
state of four electrons in a two dimensional square Hubbard cluster containing
16 sites taken with periodic boundary conditions. The presented procedure,
which works for arbitrary even particle number and lattice sites, is based on
explicitly given symmetry adapted base vectors constructed in r-space. The
Hamiltonian acting on these states generates a closed system of 85 linear
equations providing by its minimum eigenvalue the exact ground state of the
system. The presented results, described with the aim to generate further
creative developments, not only show how the ground state can be exactly
obtained and what kind of contributions enter in its construction, but
emphasize further characteristics of the spectrum. On this line i) possible
explications are found regarding why weak coupling expansions often provide a
good approximation for the Hubbard model at intermediate couplings, or ii)
explicitly given low lying energy states of the kinetic energy, avoiding double
occupancy, suggest new roots for pairing mechanism attracting decrease in the
kinetic energy, as emphasized by kinetic energy driven superconductivity
theories.Comment: 37 pages, 18 figure
Sine-Gordon Model - Renormalization Group Solutions and Applications
The sine-Gordon model is discussed and analyzed within the framework of the
renormalization group theory. A perturbative renormalization group procedure is
carried out through a decomposition of the sine-Gordon field in slow and fast
modes. An effective slow modes's theory is derived and re-scaled to obtain the
model's flow equations. The resulting Kosterlitz-Thouless phase diagram is
obtained and discussed in detail. The theory's gap is estimated in terms of the
sine-Gordon model paramaters. The mapping between the sine-Gordon model and
models for interacting electrons in one dimension, such as the g-ology model
and Hubbard model, is discussed and the previous renormalization group results,
obtained for the sine-Gordon model, are thus borrowed to describe different
aspects of Luttinger liquid systems, such as the nature of its excitations and
phase transitions. The calculations are carried out in a thorough and
pedagogical manner, aiming the reader with no previous experience with the
sine-Gordon model or the renormalization group approach.Comment: 44 pages, 7 figure
Kondo effect in an integer-spin quantum dot
The Kondo effect is a key many-body phenomenon in condensed matter physics.
It concerns the interaction between a localised spin and free electrons.
Discovered in metals containing small amounts of magnetic impurities, it is now
a fundamental mechanism in a wide class of correlated electron systems. Control
over single, localised spins has become relevant also in fabricated structures
due to the rapid developments in nano-electronics. Experiments have already
demonstrated artificial realisations of isolated magnetic impurities at
metallic surfaces, nanometer-scale magnets, controlled transitions between
two-electron singlet and triplet states, and a tunable Kondo effect in
semiconductor quantum dots. Here, we report an unexpected Kondo effect realised
in a few-electron quantum dot containing singlet and triplet spin states whose
energy difference can be tuned with a magnetic field. This effect occurs for an
even number of electrons at the degeneracy between singlet and triplet states.
The characteristic energy scale is found to be much larger than for the
ordinary spin-1/2 case.Comment: 12 page
Higher Powers in Gravitation
We consider the Friedmann-Robertson-Walker cosmologies of theories of gravity
that generalise the Einstein-Hilbert action by replacing the Ricci scalar, R,
with some function, f(R). The general asymptotic behaviour of these cosmologies
is found, at both early and late times, and the effects of adding higher and
lower powers of R to the Einstein-Hilbert action is investigated. The
assumption that the highest powers of R should dominate the Universe's early
history, and that the lowest powers should dominate its future is found to be
inaccurate. The behaviour of the general solution is complicated, and while it
can be the case that single powers of R dominate the dynamics at late times, it
can be either the higher or lower powers that do so. It is also shown that it
is often the lowest powers of R that dominate at early times, when approach to
a bounce or a Tolman solution are generic possibilities. Various examples are
considered, and both vacuum and perfect fluid solutions investigated.Comment: 30 pages, 9 figure
Holographic Kondo Model in Various Dimensions
We study the addition of localised impurities to U(N) Supersymmetric
Yang-Mills theories in (p+1)-dimensions by using the gauge/gravity
correspondence. From the gravity side, the impurities are introduced by
considering probe D(8-p)-branes extendingalong the time and radial directions
and wrapping an (7-p)-dimensional submanifold of the internal (8-p)-sphere, so
that the degrees of freedom are point-like from the gauge theory perspective.
We analyse both the configuration in which the branes generate straight flux
tubes -corresponding to actual single impurities - and the one in which
connected flux tubes are created- corresponding to dimers. We discuss the
thermodynamics of both the configurations and the related phase transition. In
particular, the specific heat of the straight flux-tube configuration is
negative for p<3, while it is never the case for the connected one. We study
the stability of the system by looking at the impurity fluctuations. Finally,
we characterise the theory by computing one- and two-point correlators of the
gauge theory operators dual to the impurity fluctuations. Because of the
underlying generalised conformal structure, such correlators can be expressed
in terms of an effective coupling constant (which runs because of its
dimensionality) and a generalised conformal dimension.Comment: 56 pages, 3 figures; v2: typos correcte
A danger of low copy numbers for inferring incorrect cooperativity degree
Background: A dose-response curve depicts fraction of bound proteins as a function of unbound ligands. Dose-response curves are used to measure the cooperativity degree of a ligand binding process. Frequently, the Hill function is used to fit the experimental data. The Hill function is parameterized by the value of the dissociation constant, and the Hill coefficient which describes the cooperativity degree. The use of Hill's model and the Hill function have been heavily criticised in this context, predominantly the assumption that all ligands bind at once, which lead to further refinements of the model. In this work, the validity of the Hill function has been studied from an entirely different point of view. In the limit of low copy numbers the dynamics of the system becomes noisy. The goal was to asses the validity of the Hill function in this limit, and to see in which ways the effects of the fluctuations change the form of the dose-response curves.
Results: Dose-response curves were computed taking into account effects of fluctuations. The effects of fluctuations were described at the lowest order (the second moment of the particle number distribution) by using previously developed Pair Approach Reaction Noise EStimator (PARNES) method. The stationary state of the system is described by nine equations with nine unknowns. To obtain fluctuation corrected dose-response curves the equations have been investigated numerically.
Conclusions: The Hill function cannot describe dose-response curves in a low particle limit. First, dose-response curves are not solely parameterized by the dissociation constant and the Hill coefficient. In general, the shape of a dose-response curve depends on the variables that describe how an experiment (ensemble) is designed. Second, dose-response curves are multi valued in a rather non-trivial way
Strong-coupling expansion and effective hamiltonians
When looking for analytical approaches to treat frustrated quantum magnets,
it is often very useful to start from a limit where the ground state is highly
degenerate. This chapter discusses several ways of deriving {effective
Hamiltonians} around such limits, starting from standard {degenerate
perturbation theory} and proceeding to modern approaches more appropriate for
the derivation of high-order effective Hamiltonians, such as the perturbative
continuous unitary transformations or contractor renormalization. In the course
of this exposition, a number of examples taken from the recent literature are
discussed, including frustrated ladders and other dimer-based Heisenberg models
in a field, as well as the mapping between frustrated Ising models in a
transverse field and quantum dimer models.Comment: To appear as a chapter in "Highly Frustrated Magnetism", Eds. C.
Lacroix, P. Mendels, F. Mil
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