Dyes from a twenty-first century perspective

In June 2008, the Biological Stain Commission sponsored A Seminar on Dyes and Staining the purpose of which was twofold: first, to show that very useful information applicable to biomedical dyes and staining is available from unrelated disciplines and second, to summarize modern thinking on how dyes, solvents, and tissues interact to produce selective staining. In this introduction to the papers from the symposium, we acknowledge that biomedical dye research has declined as newer technologies have gained importance. We should point out, however, that dyes and staining still are vitally important. Moreover, needs abound for innovative studies concerned with dye analysis, synthesis, and mode of action. Concepts and tools from unrelated fields hold promise for significant breakthroughs in many areas of interest

Alcohol

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Hematoxylin shortages: their causes and duration, and other dyes that can replace hemalum in routine hematoxylin and eosin staining

The origins of repeated hematoxylin shortages are outlined. Lack of integration in the hematoxylin trade exacerbates the problems inherent in using a natural product. Separate corporations are engaged in tree growth and harvesting, dye extraction, processing of extracts to yield hematoxylin, and formulation and sale of hematoxylin staining solutions to the end users in biomedical laboratories. Hematoxylin has many uses in biological staining and no single dye can replace it for all applications. Probably, the most satisfactory substitutes for aluminum-hematoxylin (hemalum) are the ferric complexes of celestine blue (CI 51050; mordant blue 14) and eriochrome cyanine R (CI 43820; mordant blue 3, also known as chromoxane cyanine R and solochrome cyanine R). The iron-celestine blue complex is a cationic dye that binds to nucleic acids and other polyanions, such as those of cartilage matrix and mast cell granules. Complexes of iron with eriochrome cyanine R are anionic and give selective nuclear staining similar to that obtained with acidic hemalum solutions. Iron complexes of gallein (CI 45445; mordant violet 25), a hydroxyxanthene dye, can replace iron-hematoxylin in formulations for staining nuclei, myelin, and protozoa

Corantes comumente empregados na citogenética vegetal.

O emprego dos corantes, na citogenética vegetal, data de muitos anos, uma vez que as pesquisas nas áreas da citologia e histologia vêm sendo desenvolvidas constantemente desde os primeiros estudos celulares no século XIX. Inicialmente, eram extraídos de fontes vegetais ou animais, sendo atualmente produzidos sinteticamente em escala comercial. Os corantes são classificados em não fluorescentes e fluorescentes, conforme suas propriedades químicas e a escolha de uso é de acordo com o tipo de estrutura celular ou grupo celular a ser analisado. A diversidade de tipos e compostos químicos existentes nos diferentes corantes proporciona sua aplicação em estudos avançados na citogenética clássica e molecular. Uma revisão de suas propriedades químicas e emprego é apresentada para os corantes não fluorescentes orceína, hematoxilina, Giemsa, carmin; e para os fluorescentes 4',6-diamidino-2-fenilindol (DAPI), cromomicina A (CMA), fluoresceína e rodamina