Ativação alcalina de cinzas volantes utilizando solução combinada de NaOH e Ca(OH)2

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da resistência à compressão, ao longo do tempo, em amostras de argamassas à base de cinzas volantes álcali-ativadas. Como ativador alcalino foi utilizada uma solução combinada de NaOH e Ca(OH)2. A cura das amostras foi realizada de duas formas distintas. Na primeira, as amostras foram mantidas em estufa à 70°C/12 hs e à temperatura constante de 22°C em sala climatizada até a idade de ensaio. Apesar de serem obtidas resistências da ordem de 20 MPa nas primeiras 24 hs, houve decréscimo da resistência a partir da idade de 7 dias. Verificado esse comportamento, um segundo método de cura foi adotado. Para isso, o traço utilizado para o preparo de novas argamassas foi o mesmo adotado no método anterior. Porém, foram submetidas à temperatura constante de 70°C até a idade de ensaio. Nesse caso, as amostras apresentaram decréscimo mais acentuado da resistência em menor espaço de tempo, quando comparado às amostras curadas no primeiro método. Como estudos complementares foram realizadas análises microestruturais da CV antes e depois da ativação, utilizando o MEV/EDS.The main objective of this work was to evaluate the development of the compressive strength, along time, in alkali-activated fly ash mortars. As alkaline activator a combined solution of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 was used. The cure of the samples was carried through two distinct forms. In the first one, samples were kept in oven at 70°C during the first 12 hours and at constant room temperature of 22°C afterwards, until the age of testing. Compressive strength of 20 MPa magnitude were achieved during the first 24 hours, however it started to decrease after the age of 7 days. Considering this behaviour, second method of curing was adopted for the same mixing proportions. However, mortar samples were kept in oven at 70°C until the age of testing. In this case, compressive strength results decreased more significantly and at earlier ages, when compared with the results of samples cured using the first method. As complementary to understand the decreasing in compressive strength, microstructural analyses of the fly ash, before and after the activation, have been carried out, using the SEM/EDS

Cinzas volantes álcali-ativadas com solução combinada de NaOH e Ca(OH)2

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o comportamento da resistência à compressão, ao longo do tempo, em amostras de argamassas à base de cinzas volantes álcali-ativadas. Como ativador alcalino foi utilizada uma solução combinada de NaOH e Ca(OH)2. A cura das amostras foi realizada de duas formas distintas. Na primeira, as amostras foram mantidas em estufa à 70°C/12 h e à temperatura constante de 22°C em sala climatizada até a idade de ensaio. Apesar de serem obtidas resistências da ordem de 20 MPa nas primeiras 24 h, houve decréscimo da resistência a partir da idade de 7 dias. Verificado esse comportamento, um segundo método de cura foi adotado. Para isso, o traço utilizado para o preparo de novas argamassas foi o mesmo adotado no método anterior. Porém, foram submetidas à temperatura constante de 70°C até a idade de ensaio. Nesse caso, as amostras apresentaram decréscimo mais acentuado da resistência em menor espaço de tempo, quando comparado às amostras curadas no primeiro método. Como estudos complementares foram realizadas análises microestruturais da CV antes e depois da álcali-ativação, utilizando o MEV/EDS. Nas imagens microestruturais foi possível identificar três morfologias distintas nas pastas álcali-ativadas: uma composta de regiões com aspecto denso; outra apresentando partículas de cinzas volantes parcialmente solubilizadas; e outra mostrando a formação de produtos em forma de cristais aciculares. Porém, apenas o uso do MEV/EDS não foi suficiente para que se pudesse entender o mecanismo de reação deletéria provocada entre os ativadores alcalinos e a cinza volante. Portanto, trabalhos futuros deverão contemplar o uso de ferramentas auxiliares às adotadas nesse trabalho com o objetivo de esclarecer tal mecanismo deletério.The main objective of this work was to evaluate over time the development of the compressive strength of alkali-activated fly ash mortars. A combined solution of NaOH and Ca(OH)2 was used as alkaline activator. The curing of the samples was carried out in two distinct ways. In the first one, samples were kept at 70°C during the first 12 hours after mixing and at 22°C afterwards, until the age of testing. Although compressive strengths of about 20 MPa were achieved during the first 24 hours, the strength started to decrease after 7 days. Considering this behaviour, a second method of curing was adopted. The mix proportions were the same as before, however the mortar samples were kept in an oven at 70°C until the age of testing. In this case, the compressive strength values decreased more significantly and in a shorter period of time, as compared to the results obtained for samples cured using the first method. Complementary studies were performed in order to better understand the observed reduction in compressive strength. Microstructural analyses of the fly ash, before and after the alkali-activation, have been carried out using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). It was possible to identify three different morphologies in the alkali-activated pastes: one composed by regions with dense aspect; other showing partially solubilised particles of fly ash; and a third showing the formation of products with a needle-like shape. The information provided by the SEM/EDS experiments was not enough to enable the complete understanding of the mechanism of the deleterious reaction that took place among the alkaline activators and the fly ash. Therefore, future studies should address this question by using additional analysis tools in order to clarify this deleterious mechanism

The effect of local thermal fluctuations on the folding kinetics: a study from the perspective of the nonextensive statistical mechanics

Protein folding is a universal process, very fast and accurate, which works consistently (as it should be) in a wide range of physiological conditions. The present work is based on three premises, namely: ($i$) folding reaction is a process with two consecutive and independent stages, namely the search mechanism and the overall productive stabilization; ($ii$) the folding kinetics results from a mechanism as fast as can be; and ($iii$) at nanoscale dimensions, local thermal fluctuations may have important role on the folding kinetics. Here the first stage of folding process (search mechanism) is focused exclusively. The effects and consequences of local thermal fluctuations on the configurational kinetics, treated here in the context of non extensive statistical mechanics, is analyzed in detail through the dependence of the characteristic time of folding ($\tau$) on the temperature $T$ and on the nonextensive parameter $q$.The model used consists of effective residues forming a chain of 27 beads, which occupy different sites of a $3-$D infinite lattice, representing a single protein chain in solution. The configurational evolution, treated by Monte Carlo simulation, is driven mainly by the change in free energy of transfer between consecutive configurations. ...Comment: 19 pages, 3 figures, 1 tabl

Real-Time High-Resolution X-ray Imaging and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Study of the Hydration of Pure and Na-Doped C 3

This study details the differences in real-time hydration between pure tricalcium aluminate (cubic C{sub 3}A or 3CaO {center_dot} Al{sub 2}O{sub 3}) and Na-doped tricalcium aluminate (orthorhombic C{sub 3}A or Na{sub 2}Ca{sub 8}Al{sub 6}O{sub 18}), in aqueous solutions containing sulfate ions. Pure phases were synthesized in the laboratory to develop an independent benchmark for the reactions, meaning that their reactions during hydration in a simulated early age cement pore solution (saturated with respect to gypsum and lime) were able to be isolated. Because the rate of this reaction is extremely rapid, most microscopy methods are not adequate to study the early phases of the reactions in the early stages. Here, a high-resolution full-field soft X-ray imaging technique operating in the X-ray water window, combined with solution analysis by {sup 27}Al nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, was used to capture information regarding the mechanism of C{sub 3}A hydration during the early stages. There are differences in the hydration mechanism between the two types of C{sub 3}A, which are also dependent on the concentration of sulfate ions in the solution. The reactions with cubic C{sub 3}A (pure) seem to be more influenced by higher concentrations of sulfate ions, forming smaller ettringite needles at a slower pace than the orthorhombic C{sub 3}A (Na-doped) sample. The rate of release of aluminate species into the solution phase is also accelerated by Na doping

The prevention of falls in patients with Parkinson's disease with in-home monitoring using a wearable system: a pilot study protocol

This is the final version. Available on open access from Springer via the DOI in this recordBACKGROUND: Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerative condition that gradually worsens motor function and leads to postural instability and, eventually, falls. Several factors may influence the frequency of future falls, such as slowness, freezing of gait, loss of balance, and mobility problems, cognitive impairments, and the number of previous falls. The TED bracelet is an advanced technological wearable device able to predict falls. AIMS: This principal aim is to investigate the feasibility of a full-scale research project that uses the TED bracelet to identify whether individuals with PD are at risk of falling. METHODS: This study will involve a pilot prospective observational study design; the subjects will include 26 patients suffering from mild PD and 26 others with no PD and no gait problems. Data will be collected from the TED bracelet and then compared to a paper-based fall diary. The enrolled participants will have a scheduled outpatient evaluation to collect both clinical and instrumental data as well as biological samples. DISCUSSION: This pilot study could then be implemented in a larger form to further evaluate the effectiveness of the TED device. Finally, it will help further develop gait monitoring systems for people with Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases that can affect physical function and mobility, such as dementia and Alzheimer's. CONCLUSIONS: Preventing falls and their complications could lead to major advancements in the quality of home care for patients with PD, which would significantly impact the quality of life of both these patients and their caregivers.Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR

A geroscience approach for Parkinson's disease: Conceptual framework and design of PROPAG-AGEING project

Advanced age is the major risk factor for idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD), but to date the biological relationship between PD and ageing remains elusive. Here we describe the rationale and the design of the H2020 funded project “PROPAG-AGEING”, whose aim is to characterize the contribution of the ageing process to PD development. We summarize current evidences that support the existence of a continuum between ageing and PD and justify the use of a Geroscience approach to study PD. We focus in particular on the role of inflammaging, the chronic, low-grade inflammation characteristic of elderly physiology, which can propagate and transmit both locally and systemically. We then describe PROPAG-AGEING design, which is based on the multi-omic characterization of peripheral samples from clinically characterized drug-naïve and advanced PD, PD discordant twins, healthy controls and "super-controls", i.e. centenarians, who never showed clinical signs of motor disability, and their offspring. Omic results are then validated in a large number of samples, including in vitro models of dopaminergic neurons and healthy siblings of PD patients, who are at higher risk of developing PD, with the final aim of identifying the molecular perturbations that can deviate the trajectories of healthy ageing towards PD development

Early downregulation of hsa-miR-144-3p in serum from drug-naïve Parkinson’s disease patients

Advanced age represents one of the major risk factors for Parkinson’s Disease. Recent biomedical studies posit a role for microRNAs, also known to be remodelled during ageing. However, the relationship between microRNA remodelling and ageing in Parkinson’s Disease, has not been fully elucidated. Therefore, the aim of the present study is to unravel the relevance of microRNAs as biomarkers of Parkinson’s Disease within the ageing framework. We employed Next Generation Sequencing to profile serum microRNAs from samples informative for Parkinson’s Disease (recently diagnosed, drug-naïve) and healthy ageing (centenarians) plus healthy controls, age-matched with Parkinson’s Disease patients. Potential microRNA candidates markers, emerging from the combination of differential expression and network analyses, were further validated in an independent cohort including both drug-naïve and advanced Parkinson’s Disease patients, and healthy siblings of Parkinson’s Disease patients at higher genetic risk for developing the disease. While we did not find evidences of microRNAs co-regulated in Parkinson’s Disease and ageing, we report that hsa-miR-144-3p is consistently down-regulated in early Parkinson’s Disease patients. Moreover, interestingly, functional analysis revealed that hsa-miR-144-3p is involved in the regulation of coagulation, a process known to be altered in Parkinson’s Disease. Our results consistently show the down-regulation of hsa-mir144-3p in early Parkinson’s Disease, robustly confirmed across a variety of analytical and experimental analyses. These promising results ask for further research to unveil the functional details of the involvement of hsa-mir144-3p in Parkinson’s Disease

Heterogeneity of prodromal Parkinson symptoms in siblings of Parkinson disease patients

A prodromal phase of Parkinson’s disease (PD) may precede motor manifestations by decades. PD patients’ siblings are at higher risk for PD, but the prevalence and distribution of prodromal symptoms are unknown. The study objectives were (1) to assess motor and non-motor features estimating prodromal PD probability in PD siblings recruited within the European PROPAG-AGEING project; (2) to compare motor and non-motor symptoms to the well-established DeNoPa cohort. 340 PD siblings from three sites (Bologna, Seville, Kassel/Goettingen) underwent clinical and neurological evaluations of PD markers. The German part of the cohort was compared with German de novo PD patients (dnPDs) and healthy controls (CTRs) from DeNoPa. Fifteen (4.4%) siblings presented with subtle signs of motor impairment, with MDS-UPDRS-III scores not clinically different from CTRs. Symptoms of orthostatic hypotension were present in 47 siblings (13.8%), no different to CTRs (p = 0.072). No differences were found for olfaction and overall cognition; German-siblings performed worse than CTRs in visuospatial-executive and language tasks. 3/147 siblings had video-polysomnography-confirmed REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD), none was positive on the RBD Screening Questionnaire. 173/300 siblings had <1% probability of having prodromal PD; 100 between 1 and 10%, 26 siblings between 10 and 80%, one fulfilled the criteria for prodromal PD. According to the current analysis, we cannot confirm the increased risk of PD siblings for prodromal PD. Siblings showed a heterogeneous distribution of prodromal PD markers and probability. Additional parameters, including strong disease markers, should be investigated to verify if these results depend on validity and sensitivity of prodromal PD criteria, or if siblings’ risk is not elevated