Hamaca de descanso y nido en prematuros : ensayo clínico aleatorizado

Objetivo: Comparar as variáveis fisiológicas e o padrão de sono-vigília apresentados por prematuros, quando colocados em rede e em ninho, após a troca de fraldas. Método: Trata-se de um Ensaio Clínico Randomizado do tipo cross-over, realizado com 20 prematuros que, após a troca de fraldas, foram posicionados em redes de descanso e ninho. Esses prematuros foram avaliados quanto às variáveis fisiológicas (frequência cardíaca e saturação de oxigênio) e variável comportamental (sono e vigília). Resultados: Não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as condições ninho e rede quanto às variáveis estudadas. Entretanto, quanto à variável categórica sono, nas comparações entre as fases da pesquisa para a condição rede, houve diferenças entre fase basal e recuperação imediata (p=0,00), basal e recuperação tardia (p=0,00), resposta e recuperação imediata (p=0,00), resposta e recuperação tardia (p=0,00). Conclusão: Não se identificaram diferenças entre rede e ninho, entretanto, o uso da rede favoreceu o sono de prematuros comparado ao seu não uso.Objective: To compare the physiological variables and the sleep-wake pattern presented by preterm in nesting and hammock positions after diaper change. Method: This is a crossover randomized controlled trial. It was conducted with 20 preterm infants who, after diaper change, were placed in nests or hammocks. These preterm infants were evaluated for physiological variables (heart rate and oxygen saturation) and behavioral variables (sleep and wakefulness). Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the studied variables between nesting and hammock positions. However, regarding the categorical variable sleep, the comparison between the research phases for the hammock position showed differences between the baseline phase and the immediate recovery (p=0.00), baseline and late recovery (p=0.00), response and immediate recovery (p=0.00), response and late recovery (p=0.00). Conclusion: No differences were identified between the nest and the hammock; however, the use of the hammock favored the sleep of preterm infants compared to its non-use.Objetivo: comparar las variables fisiológicas y el patrón de sueño y vigilia presentados por prematuros, cuando ellos son puestos en hamaca y en nido, después del cambio de pañales. Método: Se trata de un ensayo clínico aleatorizado del tipo crossover. Realizado con 20 prematuros que, tras el cambio de pañales, fueron colocados en hamacas de descanso y nido. Estos prematuros fueron evaluados en cuanto a las variables fisiológicas (frecuencia cardíaca y saturación de oxígeno) y variable conductual (sueño y vigilia). Resultados: No hubo diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre las condiciones nido y hamaca en cuanto a las variables estudiadas. Sin embargo, en cuanto a la variable categórica sueño, en las comparaciones entre las fases de la investigación para la condición hamaca, hubo diferencias entre fase basal y recuperación inmediata (p = 0,00), basal y recuperación tardía (p = 0,00), respuesta y recuperación inmediata (p = 0,00), respuesta y recuperación tardía (p = 0,00). Conclusión: No se identificaron diferencias entre hamaca y nido, sin embargo, el uso de la hamaca favoreció el sueño de prematuros en comparación a su no utilización

Composição morfológica da forragem consumida por bovinos de corte durante o rebaixamento do capim-marandu submetido a estratégias de pastejo rotativo

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of rotational grazing strategies on the morphological composition of the herbage consumed by beef cattle in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu swards. Grazings were carried out when swards achieved 95 and 100% of light interception (LI) until postgrazing heights of 10 and 15 cm. Morphological composition of the herbage consumed was determined from extrusa samples harvested from oesophageal-fistulated animals in three occasions, during the grazing down process. As sward height decreased from the pre-grazing condition, the proportion of leaf laminae in the extrusa decreased, and that of stems and dead material increased. Grazing at 100% LI or at 10 cm postgrazing height resulted in lower proportion of leaf laminae and higher proportion of stems and dead material than grazing at 95% LI or 15 cm postgrazing height. The treatment 95/15 ranked consistently among those with the highest proportions of leaf laminae, lowest proportions of stems and dead material; and, at the end of the grazing session, it still had 50% of leaf laminae in the extrusa. In general, the results indicate that more frequent and less severe grazings favour animal to feed on forage with a high proportion of leaf laminae, which increases diet nutritive value.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de estratégias de pastejo rotativo sobre a composição morfológica da forragem consumida por bovinos de corte em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Os pastejos foram realizados sempre que o dossel atingia 95 ou 100% de intercepção luminosa (IL) até as alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm. Foi avaliada a composição morfológica das extrusas coletadas de animais fistulados no esôfago em três etapas ao longo do rebaixamento dos pastos. À medida que o rebaixamento progrediu, a proporção de lâminas foliares na extrusa diminuiu e a de colmos e de material morto aumentou. Pastejos iniciados com 100% de IL ou realizados até a altura pós-pastejo de 10 cm resultaram em menor proporção de lâminas foliares e maior de colmos e de material morto. O tratamento 95/15 foi consistente entre os tratamentos que apresentaram as maiores proporções de lâminas foliares e menores de colmos e de material e, mesmo no final do rebaixamento, apresentou, ainda, mais de 50% de proporção de lâminas foliares na extrusa. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, durante o rebaixamento do dossel, pastejos mais freqüentes e menos severos proporcionam aos animais a obtenção de dietas com elevada proporção de lâminas foliares, o que deve aumentar o valor nutritivo da forragem consumida

Morphological composition of the herbage consumed by beef cattle during the grazing down process of marandu palisadegrass subjected to rotational strategies

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito de estratégias de pastejo rotativo sobre a composição morfológica da forragem consumida por bovinos de corte em pastos de Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu. Os pastejos foram realizados sempre que o dossel atingia 95 ou 100% de intercepção luminosa (IL) até as alturas pós-pastejo de 10 e 15 cm. Foi avaliada a composição morfológica das extrusas coletadas de animais fistulados no esôfago em três etapas ao longo do rebaixamento dos pastos. À medida que o rebaixamento progrediu, a proporção de lâminas foliares na extrusa diminuiu e a de colmos e de material morto aumentou. Pastejos iniciados com 100% de IL ou realizados até a altura pós-pastejo de 10 cm resultaram em menor proporção de lâminas foliares e maior de colmos e de material morto. O tratamento 95/15 foi consistente entre os tratamentos que apresentaram as maiores proporções de lâminas foliares e menores de colmos e de material e, mesmo no final do rebaixamento, apresentou, ainda, mais de 50% de proporção de lâminas foliares na extrusa. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, durante o rebaixamento do dossel, pastejos mais freqüentes e menos severos proporcionam aos animais a obtenção de dietas com elevada proporção de lâminas foliares, o que deve aumentar o valor nutritivo da forragem consumida.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of rotational grazing strategies on the morphological composition of the herbage consumed by beef cattle in Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu swards. Grazings were carried out when swards achieved 95 and 100% of light interception (LI) until postgrazing heights of 10 and 15 cm. Morphological composition of the herbage consumed was determined from extrusa samples harvested from oesophageal-fistulated animals in three occasions, during the grazing down process. As sward height decreased from the pre-grazing condition, the proportion of leaf laminae in the extrusa decreased, and that of stems and dead material increased. Grazing at 100% LI or at 10 cm postgrazing height resulted in lower proportion of leaf laminae and higher proportion of stems and dead material than grazing at 95% LI or 15 cm postgrazing height. The treatment 95/15 ranked consistently among those with the highest proportions of leaf laminae, lowest proportions of stems and dead material; and, at the end of the grazing session, it still had 50% of leaf laminae in the extrusa. In general, the results indicate that more frequent and less severe grazings favour animal to feed on forage with a high proportion of leaf laminae, which increases diet nutritive value

Modulation of glutaredoxin in the lung and sputum of cigarette smokers and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

BACKGROUND: One typical feature in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the disturbance of the oxidant/antioxidant balance. Glutaredoxins (Grx) are thiol disulfide oxido-reductases with antioxidant capacity and catalytic functions closely associated with glutathione, the major small molecular weight antioxidant of human lung. However, the role of Grxs in smoking related diseases is unclear. METHODS: Immunohistochemical and Western blot analyses were conducted with lung specimens (n = 45 and n = 32, respectively) and induced sputum (n = 50) of healthy non-smokers and smokers without COPD and at different stages of COPD. RESULTS: Grx1 was expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages. The percentage of Grx1 positive macrophages was significantly lower in GOLD stage IV COPD than in healthy smokers (p = 0.021) and the level of Grx1 in total lung homogenate decreased both in stage I–II (p = 0.045) and stage IV COPD (p = 0.022). The percentage of Grx1 positive macrophages correlated with the lung function parameters (FEV1, r = 0.45, p = 0.008; FEV1%, r = 0.46, p = 0.007, FEV/FVC%, r = 0.55, p = 0.001). Grx1 could also be detected in sputum supernatants, the levels being increased in the supernatants from acute exacerbations of COPD compared to non-smokers (p = 0.013) and smokers (p = 0.051). CONCLUSION: The present cross-sectional study showed that Grx1 was expressed mainly in alveolar macrophages, the levels being decreased in COPD patients. In addition, the results also demonstrated the presence of Grx1 in extracellular fluids including sputum supernatants. Overall, the present study suggests that Grx1 is a potential redox modulatory protein regulating the intracellular as well as extracellular homeostasis of glutathionylated proteins and GSH in human lung

Characterization of coagulase-negative staphylococcal isolates from blood with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides and therapeutic options

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) are a major cause of nosocomial blood stream infection, especially in critically ill and haematology patients. CoNS are usually multidrug-resistant and glycopeptide antibiotics have been to date considered the drugs of choice for treatment. The aim of this study was to characterize CoNS with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides causing blood stream infection (BSI) in critically ill and haematology patients at the University Hospital Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy, in 2007.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Hospital microbiology records for transplant haematology and ICU were reviewed to identify CoNS with elevated MICs for glycopeptides, and isolates were matched to clinical records to determine whether the isolates caused a BSI. The isolates were tested for susceptibility to new drugs daptomicin and tigecycline and the genetic relationship was assessed using f-AFLP.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Of a total of 17,418 blood cultures, 1,609 were positive for CoNS and of these, 87 (5.4%) displayed reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides. Clinical review revealed that in 13 cases (7 in haematology and 6 in ICU), CoNS with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides were responsible for a BSI. <it>Staphylococcus epidermidis </it>was the causative organism in 11 instances and <it>Staphylococcus haemolyticus </it>in 2. The incidence of oxacillin resistance was high (77%), although all isolates remained susceptible to linezolid, daptomycin and tigecycline. Fingerprinting of CoNS identified one clonal relationship between two isolates.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Multi-resistant CoNS with reduced susceptibility to glycopeptides, although still relatively infrequent in our hospital, are emerging pathogens of clinical concern. Surveillance by antibiotyping with attention to multi-resistant profile, and warning to clinicians, is necessary.</p

Performance of the CMS Cathode Strip Chambers with Cosmic Rays

The Cathode Strip Chambers (CSCs) constitute the primary muon tracking device in the CMS endcaps. Their performance has been evaluated using data taken during a cosmic ray run in fall 2008. Measured noise levels are low, with the number of noisy channels well below 1%. Coordinate resolution was measured for all types of chambers, and fall in the range 47 microns to 243 microns. The efficiencies for local charged track triggers, for hit and for segments reconstruction were measured, and are above 99%. The timing resolution per layer is approximately 5 ns

Accuracy of clinical pallor in the diagnosis of anaemia in children: a meta-analysis

BACKGROUND: Anaemia is highly prevalent in children of developing countries. It is associated with impaired physical growth and mental development. Palmar pallor is recommended at primary level for diagnosing it, on the basis of few studies. The objective of the study was to systematically assess the accuracy of clinical signs in the diagnosis of anaemia in children. METHODS: A systematic review on the accuracy of clinical signs of anaemia in children. We performed an Internet search in various databases and an additional reference tracking. Studies had to be on performance of clinical signs in the diagnosis of anaemia, using haemoglobin as the gold standard. We calculated pooled diagnostic likelihood ratios (LR's) and odds ratios (DOR's) for each clinical sign at different haemoglobin thresholds. RESULTS: Eleven articles met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were performed in Africa, in children underfive. Chi-square test for proportions and Cochran Q for DOR's and for LR's showed heterogeneity. Type of observer and haemoglobin technique influenced the results. Pooling was done using the random effects model. Pooled DOR at haemoglobin <11 g/dL was 4.3 (95% CI 2.6–7.2) for palmar pallor, 3.7 (2.3–5.9) for conjunctival pallor, and 3.4 (1.8–6.3) for nailbed pallor. DOR's and LR's were slightly better for nailbed pallor at all other haemoglobin thresholds. The accuracy did not vary substantially after excluding outliers. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis did not document a highly accurate clinical sign of anaemia. In view of poor performance of clinical signs, universal iron supplementation may be an adequate control strategy in high prevalence areas. Further well-designed studies are needed in settings other than Africa. They should assess inter-observer variation, performance of combined clinical signs, phenotypic differences, and different degrees of anaemia

Identification, Expression and Target Gene Analyses of MicroRNAs in Spodoptera litura

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs widely present in animals and plants and involved in post-transcriptional regulation of gene transcripts. In this study we identified and validated 58 miRNAs from an EST dataset of Spodoptera litura based on the computational and experimental analysis of sequence conservation and secondary structure of miRNA by comparing the miRNA sequences in the miRbase. RT-PCR was conducted to examine the expression of these miRNAs and stem-loop RT-PCR assay was performed to examine expression of 11 mature miRNAs (out of the 58 putative miRNA) that showed significant changes in different tissues and stages of the insect development. One hundred twenty eight possible target genes against the 11 miRNAs were predicted by using computational methods. Binding of one miRNA (sli-miR-928b) with the three possible target mRNAs was confirmed by Southern blotting, implying its possible function in regulation of the target genes

Performance and Operation of the CMS Electromagnetic Calorimeter

The operation and general performance of the CMS electromagnetic calorimeter using cosmic-ray muons are described. These muons were recorded after the closure of the CMS detector in late 2008. The calorimeter is made of lead tungstate crystals and the overall status of the 75848 channels corresponding to the barrel and endcap detectors is reported. The stability of crucial operational parameters, such as high voltage, temperature and electronic noise, is summarised and the performance of the light monitoring system is presented

Global analysis of gene expression in NGF-deprived sympathetic neurons identifies molecular pathways associated with cell death

Developing sympathetic neurons depend on nerve growth factor (NGF) for survival and die by apoptosis after NGF withdrawal. This process requires de novo gene expression but only a small number of genes induced by NGF deprivation have been identified so far, either by a candidate gene approach or in mRNA differential display experiments. This is partly because it is difficult to obtain large numbers of sympathetic neurons for in vitro studies. Here, we describe for the first time, how advances in gene microarray technology have allowed us to investigate the expression of all known genes in sympathetic neurons cultured in the presence and absence of NGF