Analytical, experimental and numerical study of a graded honeycomb structure under in-plane impact load with low velocity

Given the significance of energy absorption in various industries, light shock absorbers such as honeycomb structure under in-plane and out-of-plane loads have been in the core of attention. The purpose of this research is the analyses of graded honeycomb structure (GHS) behaviour under in-plane impact loading and its optimisation. Primarily, analytical equations for plateau stress and specific energy are represented, taking power hardening model (PHM) and elastic–perfectly plastic model (EPPM) into consideration. For the validation and comparison of acquired analytical equations, the energy absorption of a GHS made of five different aluminium grades is simulated in ABAQUS/CAE. In order to validate the numerical simulation method in ABAQUS, an experimental test has been conducted as the falling a weight with low velocity on a GHS. Numerical results retain an acceptable accordance with experimental ones with a 5.4% occurred error of reaction force. For a structure with a specific kinetic energy, the stress–strain diagram is achieved and compared with the analytical equations obtained. The maximum difference between the numerical and analytical plateau stresses for PHM is 10.58%. However, this value has been measured to be 38.78% for EPPM. In addition, the numerical value of absorbed energy is compared to that of analytical method for two material models. The maximum difference between the numerical and analytical absorbed energies for PHM model is 6.4%, while it retains the value of 48.08% for EPPM. Based on the conducted comparisons, the numerical and analytical results based on PHM are more congruent than EPPM results. Applying sequential quadratic programming method and genetic algorithm, the ratio of structure mass to the absorbed energy is minimised. According to the optimisation results, the structure capacity of absorbing energy increases by 18% compared to the primary model

Anisotropy in thin Canning sheet metals

The in-plane anisotropy of ductile sheet metal may be characterised by $r$-values within a uniform tensile strain range. In iow ductiiity material, tensile failure occurs by the formation of an inciined groove within which the plasticity is localised. Under these conditions, where lateral and axial displacements cannot determine an $r$-value reliably, the inclination of the local groove is used. Anisotropy is characterised from an orthotropic yield criterion within three r-values, found from tension tests at $0^{\circ}$, $45^{\circ}$ and $90^{\circ}$ to the roll. Application to bi-axial stress states are made from elliptical bulge forming. The theory may reprcduce the pressure-height curves and pole strain paths provided an equivalence exists between flow curves from tension and bulge tests. Otherwise, the circular bulge test is better for providing the hardening parameters and fracture strain for use in in biaxial stress applications. There appears to be no advantage in using other non-quadratic yield criteria except by the addition of linear and cubic terms