In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays Of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles In Epithelial And Dermal Cells

In recent years, the interest in nanostructured systems to drug delivery has increased because they offer several advantages over conventional dosage forms. Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) have been highlighted among these systems because they have advantages such as high physical stability, protection against drug degradation and ease of scale-up and manufacturing, without using organic solvent. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of SLN, by in vitro cytotoxicity assays, for dermal drug delivery. SLN of three different lipids were prepared by hot high pressure homogenization and the cytotoxicity was assessed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) test in mouse 3T3 fibroblasts and human HaCaT keratinocytes. SLN showed no cytotoxic potential suggesting a great potential for dermal application.3041Mishra, B., Patel, B.B., Tiwari, S., (2010) Nanomed.-Nanotechnol. Biol. Med., 6, p. 9Mehnert, W., Mäder, K., (2001) Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev., 47, p. 165Pardeike, J., Hommoss, A., Müller, R.H., (2009) Int. J. Pharm., 366, p. 170Lewinski, N., Colvin, V., Drezek, R., (2008) Small, 4, p. 26Schöler, N., Hahn, H., Müller, R.H., Liesenfeld, O., (2002) Int. J. Pharm., 231, p. 167Müller, R.H., Maassen, S., Schwarz, C., Mehnert, W., (1997) J. Control. Release, 47, p. 261Shöler, N., Hahn, H., Müller, R.H., Liesenfeld, O., (2002) Int. J. Pharm., 231, p. 167Weyenberg, W., Filev, P., Plas, D.V., Vandervoort, J., Smet, K.D., Sollie, P., Ludwig, A., (2007) Int. J. Pharm., 337, p. 291Kristl, J., Teskac, K., Milek, M., Rascan, I.M., (2008) Toxicol. Appl.Pharmacol., 232, p. 218Mosmann, T., (1983) J. Immunol. Methods, 65, p. 55Marcato, P.D., Caverzan, J., Rossi-Bergmann, B., Pinto, E.F., MacHado, D., Silva, R.A., Justos, G.Z., Durán, N., (2011) J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol

Transitioning Adolescents Living With Hiv/aids To Adult-oriented Health Care: An Emerging Challenge

Objective: To review the literature on transition from pediatric to adult-oriented health care and discuss this issue in the specific context of chronic conditions. Sources: MEDLINE and LILACS were searched for relevant English and French-language articles published between 1990 and 2010. Summary of the findings: The transition of adolescents with chronic diseases from pediatric care to adult-oriented services has been a growing concern among pediatric specialties. In recent years, young people living with HIV/AIDS have begun to reach adulthood, giving rise to several challenges. The studies reviewed herein discuss such relevant topics as: the difference between transfer, an isolated event, and transition, a gradual process; the transition models used in different services; the importance of transitioning in a planned and individualized manner; the need for comprehensive interaction between pediatric and adult-oriented care teams; the importance of joint participation of adolescents, their families, and health professionals in the process; barriers to and factors that promote successful transitions; and the special needs of adolescents with HIV/AIDS in this important period of life. Conclusions: Several authors agree that transitioning adolescents to adult-oriented health care should be a gradual process not determined by age alone. It requires a plan established with ample dialogue among adolescents, their families, and pediatric and adult care teams. However, there is little evidence to support any specific model of health care transition. This should prompt researchers to conduct more prospective studies on the theme, especially in more vulnerable groups such as adolescents living with HIV/AIDS. Copyright © 2010 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.866465472Brown, L.K., Lourie, K.J., Maryland, P., Children and adolescents living with HIV and AIDS: A review (2000) Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry and Allied Disciplines, 41 (1), pp. 81-96. , DOI 10.1017/S0021963099004977Gortmaker, S.L., Hughes, M., Cervia, J., Brady, M., Johnson, G.M., Seage III, G.R., Song, L.Y., Oleske, J.M., Effect of combination therapy including protease inhibitors on mortality among children and adolescents infected with HIV-1 (2001) New England Journal of Medicine, 345 (21), pp. 1522-1528. , DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa011157Matida, L.H., Marcopito, L.F., O aumento do tempo de sobrevida das crianças com AIDS - Brasil (2002) Boletim Epidemiológico AIDS, 15 (1), pp. 49-55Candiani, T.M., Pinto, J., Cardoso, C.A., Carvalho, I.R., Dias, A.C., Carneiro, M., Impact of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) on the incidence of opportunistic infections, hospitalizations and mortality among children and adolescents living with HIV/AIDS in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil (2007) Cad Saude Publica, 23 (SUPPL. 3), pp. S414-23Miller, T., The next decade: Cardiovascular risks, outcomes, prevention, and treatment in pediatric HIV infection (2010) J Pediatr, 86, pp. 3-5. , Rio J(2008) Boletim Epidemiológico - AIDS e DST. Ano V - no 1 - 27a - 52a - Semanas Epidemiológicas - Julho a Dezembro de 2007. Ano V - No 1-01a - 26a - Semanas Epidemiológicas - Janeiro a Junho de 2008, , Brasil. Ministério da Saúde. Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde - Programa Nacional de DST e Aids. Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeLandau, L.I., Cystic fibrosis: Transition from pediatric to adult physician's care (1995) Thorax, 50, pp. 1031-1032Scal, P., Blum, R.W., Transition for youth with chronic conditions: Primary care physicians' approaches (2002) Pediatrics, 110 (6 II), pp. 1315-1321Shaw, K.L., Southwood, T.R., McDonagh, J.E., User perspectives of transitional care for adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2004) Rheumatology, 43, pp. 770-778. , British Paediatric Rheumatology Group. OxfordMcDonagh, J.E., Shaw, K.L., Southwood, T.R., Growing up and moving on in rheumatology: Development and preliminary evaluation of a transitional care programme for a multicentre cohort of adolescents with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (2006) J Child Health Care, 10, pp. 22-42Aberastury, A., Knobel, M., (2000) Adolescência Normal - Um Enfoque Psicanalítico, , Porto Alegre: ArtmedMeleis, A.I., Sawyer, L.M., Im, E.O., Hilfinger Messias, D.K., Schumacher, K., Experiencing transitions: An emerging middle-range theory (2000) ANS Adv Nurs Sci, 23, pp. 12-28Kralik, D., Visentin, K., Van Loon, A., Transition: A literature review (2006) J Adv Nurs, 55, pp. 320-329Rosen, D.S., Blum, R.W., Britto, M., Sawyer, S.M., Siegel, D.M., Transition to adult health care for adolescents and young adults with chronic conditions: Position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine (2003) J Adolesc Health, 33, pp. 309-311. , Society for Adolescent Medicine(2009) The World Bank Data & Statistics, , http://go.worldbank.org/K2CKM78CC0, Country ClassificationAccess: 03/01/2010Bell, L.E., Sawyer, S.M., Transition of care to adult services for pediatric solid-organ transplant recipients (2010) Pediatr Clin North Am, 57, pp. 593-610Kipps, S., Bahu, T., Ong, K., Ackland, F.M., Brown, R.S., Fox, C.T., Griffin, N.K., Dunger, D.B., Current methods of transfer of young people with Type 1 diabetes to adult services (2002) Diabetic Medicine, 19 (8), pp. 649-654. , DOI 10.1046/j.1464-5491.2002.00757.xLotstein, D.S., McPherson, M., Strickland, B., Newacheck, P.W., Transition planning for youth with special health care needs: Results from the national survey of children with special health care needs (2005) Pediatrics, 115 (6), pp. 1562-1568. , http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/115/6/1562, DOI 10.1542/peds.2004-1262Blum, R.W., Garell, D., Hodgman, C.H., Jorissen, T.W., Okinow, N.A., Orr, D.P., Slap, G.B., Transition from child-centered to adult health-care systems for adolescents with chronic conditions: A position paper of the Society for Adolescent Medicine (1993) Journal of Adolescent Health, 14 (7), pp. 570-576. , DOI 10.1016/1054-139X(93)90143-DSawyer, S.M., Blair, S., Bowes, G., Chronic illness in adolescents: Transfer or transition to adult services? (1997) J Paediatr Child Health, 33, pp. 88-90Forbes, A., While, A., Ullman, R., Lewis, S., Mathes, L., Griffiths, P., (2002) A Multimethod Review to Identify Components of Practice Which May Promote Continuity in the Transition from Child to Adult Care for Young People with Chronic Illness or Disability, , London: NCCSDOBoyle, M.P., Farukhi, Z., Nosky, M.L., Strategies for improving transition to adult cystic fibrosis care, based on patient and parent views (2001) Pediatric Pulmonology, 32 (6), pp. 428-436. , DOI 10.1002/ppul.1154Abdale, B., Kuhl, K., Tullis, D.E., Evaluation of patient satisfaction with the transition from a pediatric hospital to an adult centre (1994) Pediatr Pulmonol, 18 (SUPPL. 10), pp. 291-292Betz, C.L., Adolescent transitions: A nursing concern (1998) Pediatr Nurs, 24, pp. 23-28Dommergues, J.P., Alvin, P., Transition from pediatric to adult care in severe chronic diseases (2003) Archives de Pediatrie, 10 (4), pp. 295-299. , DOI 10.1016/S0929-693X(03)00041-1David, T.J., Transition from the paediatric clinic to the adult service (2001) Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 94 (8), pp. 373-374Geenen, S.J., Powers, L.E., Sells, W., Understanding the role of health care providers during the transition of adolescents with disabilities and special health care needs (2003) Journal of Adolescent Health, 32 (3), pp. 225-233. , DOI 10.1016/S1054-139X(02)00396-8, PII S1054139X02003968Tucker, L.B., Cabral, D.A., Transition of the Adolescent Patient with Rheumatic Disease: Issues to Consider (2007) Rheumatic Disease Clinics of North America, 33 (3), pp. 661-672. , DOI 10.1016/j.rdc.2007.07.005, PII S0889857X07000415, Pediatric RheumatologyFreed, G.L., Hudson, E.J., Transitioning children with chronic diseases to adult care: Current knowledge, practices, and directions (2006) Journal of Pediatrics, 148 (6), pp. 824-827. , DOI 10.1016/j.jpeds.2006.02.010, PII S0022347606001089Remorino, R., Taylor, J., Smoothing things over: The transition from pediatric to adult care for kidney transplant recipients (2006) Progress in Transplantation, 16 (4), pp. 303-308McCurdy, C., DiCenso, A., Boblin, S., Ludwin, D., Bryant-Lukosius, D., Bosompra, K., There to here: Young adult patients' perceptions of the process of transition from pediatric to adult transplant care (2006) Progress in Transplantation, 16 (4), pp. 309-316Reiss, J.G., Gibson, R.W., Walker, L.R., Health care transition: Youth, family, and provider perspectives (2005) Pediatrics, 115 (1), pp. 112-120. , http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/115/1/112, DOI 10.1542/peds.2004-1321Alpay, H., Transition of the adolescent patient to the adult clinic (2009) Perit Dial Int, 29 (SUPPL. 2), pp. S180-2Weissberg-Benchell, J., Wolpert, H., Anderson, B.J., Transitioning from pediatric to adult care: A new approach to the post-adolescent young person with type 1 diabetes (2007) Diabetes Care, 30 (10), pp. 2441-2446. , http://care.diabetesjournals.org/cgi/reprint/30/10/2441, DOI 10.2337/dc07-1249Arnett, J.J., Emerging adulthood. A theory of development from the late teens through the twenties (2000) Am Psychol, 55, pp. 469-480Arnett, J.J., (2004) Emerging Adulthood: The Winding Road from the Late Teens Through the Twenties, , New York: Oxford University PressWojciechowski, E.A., Hurtig, A., Dorn, L., A natural history study of adolescents and young adults with sickle cell disease as they transfer to adult care: A need for case management services (2002) Journal of Pediatric Nursing, 17 (1), pp. 18-27. , DOI 10.1053/jpdn.2002.30930Hauser, E.S., Dorn, L., Transitioning adolescents with sickle cell disease to adult-centered care (1999) Pediatr Nurs, 25, pp. 479-488Viner, R., Transition from paediatric to adult care. Bridging the gaps or passing the buck? (1999) Arch Dis Child, 81, pp. 271-275(2007) Lost in Transition: Moving Young People between Child and Adult Health Services, , Royal College of Nursing. London: RCNLewis-Gary, M.D., Transitioning to adult health care facilities for young adults with a chronic condition (2001) Pediatr Nurs, 27, pp. 521-524(2006) Guidelines for the Use of Antiretroviral Agents in Pediatric HIV Infection, , The Working Group on Antiretroviral Therapy and Medical Management of HIV-Infected Children. Bethesda, MD: Department of Health and Human Services(2009) Programa Nacional de DST e Aids. Recomendações para Terapia Antirretroviral Em Crianças e Adolescentes Infectados Pelo HIV, , Brasil. Secretaria de Vigilância Em Saúde. Ministério da Saúde. Brasília: Ministério da SaúdeWiener, L.S., Zobel, M., Battles, H., Ryder, C., Transition from a pediatric HIV intramural clinical research program to adolescent and adult community-based care services: Assessing transition readiness (2007) Soc Work Health Care, 46, pp. 1-19Vijayan, T., Benin, A.L., Wagner, K., Romano, S., Andiman, W.A., We never thought this would happen: Transitioning care of adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection from pediatrics to internal medicine (2009) AIDS Care, 21, pp. 1222-1229Hosek, S.G., Harper, G.W., Robinson, W.L., Identity development in adolescents living with HIV (2002) Journal of Adolescence, 25 (4), pp. 355-364. , DOI 10.1006/jado.2002.0480Gilliam, P.P., Ellen, J.M., Leonard, L., Kinsman, S., Jevitt, C.M., Straub, D.M., Transition of Adolescents with HIV to Adult Care: Characteristics and Current Practices of the Adolescent Trials Network for HIV/AIDS Interventions (2010) J Assoc Nurses AIDS Care, , Jun 9. Epub ahead of printSchidlow, D.V., Fiel, S.B., Life beyond pediatrics. Transition of chronically ill adolescents from pediatric to adult health care systems (1990) Med Clin North Am, 74, pp. 1113-1120Viner, R.M., Transition of care from paediatric to adult services: One part of improved health services for adolescents (2008) Archives of Disease in Childhood, 93 (2), pp. 160-163. , DOI 10.1136/adc.2006.103721Resnick, M.D., Bearman, P.S., Blum, R., Bauman, K.E., Harris, K.M., Jones, J., Protecting adolescents from harm. Findings from the National Longitudinal Study on Adolescent Health (1997) JAMA, 278, pp. 823-832(2009) AIDS Epidemic Update: November 2009, , http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/EpiUpdate/EpiUpdArchive/ 2009/default.asp, Geneva: UNAIDSAccess: 11/08/201

Three-dimensional analysis of jaw kinematic alterations in patients with chronic TMD - disc displacement with reduction

The study investigated whether chronic TMD patients with disc displacement with reduction (DDR), performing non-assisted maximum jaw movements, presented any changes in their mandibular kinematics with respect to an age-matched control group. Moreover, it was examined whether jaw kinematics and a valid clinic measure of oro-facial functional status have significant associations. Maximum mouth opening, mandible protrusion and bilateral laterotrusions were performed by 20 patients (18 women, 2 men; age, 18-34 years) and 20 healthy controls (17 women, 3 men; age, 20-31 years). The three-dimensional coordinates of their mandibular interincisor and condylar reference points were recorded by means of an optoelectronic motion analyser and were used to quantitatively assess their range of motion, velocity, symmetry and synchrony. Three functional indices (opening-closing, mandibular rototranslation, laterotrusion - right and left - and protrusion) were devised to summarise subject's overall performance, and their correlation with the outcome of a clinical protocol, the oro-facial myofunctional evaluation with scores (OMES), was investigated. TMD patients were able to reach maximum excursions of jaw movements comparable to healthy subjects' performances. However, their opening and closing mandibular movements were characterised by remarkable asynchrony of condylar translation. They had also reduced jaw closing velocity and asymmetric laterotrusions. The functional indices proved to well summarise the global condition of jaw kinematics, highlighting the presence of alterations in TMD-DDR patients, and were linearly correlated with the oro-facial functional status. The jaw kinematic alterations seem to reflect both oro-facial motor behaviour adaptation and a DDR-related articular impairment

Different proportion of root cutting and shoot pruning influence the growth of citronella plants

Environment concern, sustainable products demand, and natural components conscious are currently global movement factors. Related to the global movement factors, citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus L.) is being widely used in folk medicine, and has insect repellent activity, fungal and bactericidal action. Its essential oil has high content of citronellal, citronellol, geraniol. The essential oil is mostly extracted from leaves which turns this plant with high commercial demand. However, to obtain the best therapeutic quality and productivity of medicinal plants, which culminates in greater quantity and quality of the active compounds, the proper management of the crop is fundamental, as several factors can interfere during its growth and development. Thus, we analyzed the growth of citronella plants submitted to different levels of shoot and root cuts. Five different proportions of root pruning (0, 25, 50, 75, 100%), after 145 days of seedling planting and four cuttings in the shoots: blunt; a cut at 145 DAP (days after planting) along with the root cut; a cut at 228 DAP; and cuts at 145 and 228 DAP (two cuts). Four harvesting for dry matter accumulation and photoassimilate partition data were performed. The treatment with 100% root cut, but without leaf cut, increased the total dry mass accumulation of the plant in relation to the other treatments, for the last analysis period, demonstrating a recovery. Thus, the application of two leaf cuts or no leaf cutting within the 100% root cut treatment for leaf dry mass accumulation is more effective when compared to the blunt root treatment

Thermal one- and two-graviton Green's functions in the temporal gauge

The thermal one- and two-graviton Green's function are computed using a temporal gauge. In order to handle the extra poles which are present in the propagator, we employ an ambiguity-free technique in the imaginary-time formalism. For temperatures T high compared with the external momentum, we obtain the leading T^4 as well as the subleading T^2 and log(T) contributions to the graviton self-energy. The gauge fixing independence of the leading T^4 terms as well as the Ward identity relating the self-energy with the one-point function are explicitly verified. We also verify the 't Hooft identities for the subleading T^2 terms and show that the logarithmic part has the same structure as the residue of the ultraviolet pole of the zero temperature graviton self-energy. We explicitly compute the extra terms generated by the prescription poles and verify that they do not change the behavior of the leading and sub-leading contributions from the hard thermal loop region. We discuss the modification of the solutions of the dispersion relations in the graviton plasma induced by the subleading T^2 contributions.Comment: 17 pages, 5 figures. Revised version to be published in Phys. Rev.

Imbalance of naive and memory T lymphocytes with sustained high cellular activation during the first year of life from uninfected children born to HIV-1-infected mothers on HAART

The immune consequences of in utero HIV exposure to uninfected children whose mothers were submitted to highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) during gestation are not well defined. We evaluated 45 HIV-exposed uninfected (ENI) neonates and 45 healthy unexposed control (CT) neonates. All HIV-infected mothers received HAART during pregnancy, and the viral load at delivery was <50 copies/mL for 56.8%. Twenty-three ENI neonates were further evaluated after 12 months and compared to 23 unexposed healthy age-matched infants. Immunophenotyping was performed by flow cytometry in cord and peripheral blood. Cord blood lymphocyte numbers did not differ between groups. However, ENI neonates had a lower percentage of naive T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 76.6 vs 83.1%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 70.9 vs 79.6%, P = 0.003) and higher percentages of central memory T cells than CT neonates (CD4+, 13.9 vs 8.7%, P < 0.001; CD8+, 8.6 vs 4.8%, P = 0.001). CD38 mean fluorescence intensity of T cells was higher in ENI neonates (CD4+, 62.2 vs 52.1, P = 0.007; CD8+, 47.7 vs 35.3, P < 0.001). At 12 months, ENI infants still had higher mean fluorescence intensity of CD38 on T cells (CD4+, 34.2 vs 23.3, P < 0.001; CD8+, 26.8 vs 19.4, P = 0.035). Despite effective maternal virologic control at delivery, HIV-exposed uninfected children were born with lower levels of naive T cells. Immune activation was present at birth and remained until at least 12 months of age, suggesting that in utero exposure to HIV causes subtle immune abnormalities.FAPESPCoordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (CAPES

Validity And Reliability Of A Self-efficacy Expectancy Scale For Adherence To Antiretroviral Therapy For Parents And Carers Of Children And Adolescents With Hiv/aids [validação E Reprodutibilidade De Uma Escala De Auto-eficácia Para Adesão Ao Tratamento Anti-retroviral Em Pais Ou Cuidadores De Crianças E Adolescentes Vivendo Com Hiv/aids]

Objective: To validate and evaluate the reproducibility of a self-efficacy (SE) scale for adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS, taking into account the perspective of parents/guardians. Methods: The study was carried out at the Hospital-Dia, Centro de Referência e Treinamento em DST/AIDS (CRT/SP), in São Paulo, Brazil. The parents/guardians of 54 children and adolescents aged 6 months to 20 years were interviewed during routine consultations at our service. Data on SE were collected using the Self-Efficacy for Following Anti-Retroviral Prescription Scale, and SE scores were calculated in two different ways: factor analysis and a predefined formula. The scale's internal consistency was verified using Cronbach's α coefficient. Validity was tested by comparing the mean scores of a group of patients who did adhere to antiretroviral treatment with those of a group that did not (Mann-Whitney test) and by calculating the Spearman correlation coefficient for agreement between scores and clinical parameters. Reproducibility was verified using the Wilcoxon test, intraclass correlation coefficients (ricc) and Bland-Altman plots. Results: The SE scale demonstrated good internal consistency (α = 0.87) and good reproducibility (r icc = 0.69 and r icc = 0.75). In terms of validity, the SE scale was capable of differentiating adherent patients from those who did not adhere to their antiretroviral treatment (p = 0.002) and exhibited a significant correlation with CD4 counts (r = 0.28; p = 0.04). Conclusions: The SE scale can be used to assess adherence to antiretroviral therapy in children and adolescents with HIV/AIDS, taking into account the perspective of parents/carers. Copyright © 2008 by Sociedade Brasileira de Pediatria.8414146Matida, L.H., da Silva, M.H., Tayra, A., Succi, R.C., Gianna, M.C., Gonçalves, A., Prevention of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in São Paulo State, Brazil: An update (2005) AIDS, 19 (SUPPL. 4), pp. S37-S41Gibb, D.M., Goodall, R.L., Giacomet, V., McGee, L., Compagnucci, A., Lyall, H., Paediatric European Network for Treatment of Aids Steering Committee. Adherence to prescribed antiretroviral therapy in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in the PENTA 5 trial (2003) Pediatr Infect Dis J, 22, pp. 56-62Pluciennik, A.M., (2003) Transmissão materno infantil do vírus da imunodeficiência humana adquirida: Quanto custa não prevenir [tese], , São Paulo: Faculdade de Saúde Pública da USP;Dyke, R.B.V., Lee, S., Johnson, G.M., Wiznia, A., Mohan, K., Stanley, K., Reported adherence as a determinant of response to highly active antiretroviral therapy in children who have human immunodeficiency virus infection (2002) Pediatrics, 109 (4), pp. 1-7Starace, F., Massa, A., Amico, K.R., Fisher, J.D., Adherence to antiretroviral therapy: An empirical test of the information-motivation-behavioral skills model (2006) Health Psychol, 25, pp. 153-162Shah, C.A., Adherence to high activity antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in pediatric patients infected with HIV: Issues and interventions (2007) Indian J Pediatr, 74, pp. 55-60Leite, J.C., Drachler, M.L., Centeno, M.O., Pinheiro, C.A., Silveira, V.L., Desenvolvimento de uma escala de auto-eficácia para adesão ao tratamento anti-retroviral. (2002) Psicol Reflex Crit, 15, pp. 121-133Bandura, A., Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral change (1977) Psychol Rev, 84, pp. 191-215Gortmaker SL, Lenderking WR, Clark C, Lee S, Fowler MG, Oleske JMThe ACTG 219 Team. Development and use of a pediatric quality of life questionnaire in AIDS clinical trials: reliability and validity of the general health assessment for children. In: Drotar D. Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: implications for research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates1998. p. 219-35Eiser, C., Morse, R., Quality-of-life measures in chronic diseases of childhood (2001) Health Technol Assess, 5, pp. 1-95Streiner, D.L., Norman, G.R., (2003) Health measurement scales: A practical guide to their development and use, , 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press;Drotar D, Levi R. Critical issues and needs in health-related quality of life assessment of children and adolescents with chronic health condition. In: Drotar D. Measuring health-related quality of life in children and adolescents: implications for research and practice. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates1998. p. 3-2

Imaging Spectroscopy of a White-Light Solar Flare

We report observations of a white-light solar flare (SOL2010-06-12T00:57, M2.0) observed by the Helioseismic Magnetic Imager (HMI) on the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and the Reuven Ramaty High-Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI). The HMI data give us the first space-based high-resolution imaging spectroscopy of a white-light flare, including continuum, Doppler, and magnetic signatures for the photospheric FeI line at 6173.34{\AA} and its neighboring continuum. In the impulsive phase of the flare, a bright white-light kernel appears in each of the two magnetic footpoints. When the flare occurred, the spectral coverage of the HMI filtergrams (six equidistant samples spanning \pm172m{\AA} around nominal line center) encompassed the line core and the blue continuum sufficiently far from the core to eliminate significant Doppler crosstalk in the latter, which is otherwise a possibility for the extreme conditions in a white-light flare. RHESSI obtained complete hard X-ray and \Upsilon-ray spectra (this was the first \Upsilon-ray flare of Cycle 24). The FeI line appears to be shifted to the blue during the flare but does not go into emission; the contrast is nearly constant across the line profile. We did not detect a seismic wave from this event. The HMI data suggest stepwise changes of the line-of-sight magnetic field in the white-light footpoints.Comment: 14 pages, 7 figures, Accepted by Solar Physic

Transient Magnetic and Doppler Features Related to the White-light Flares in NOAA 10486

Rapidly moving transient features have been detected in magnetic and Doppler images of super-active region NOAA 10486 during the X17/4B flare of 28 October 2003 and the X10/2B flare of 29 October 2003. Both these flares were extremely energetic white-light events. The transient features appeared during impulsive phases of the flares and moved with speeds ranging from 30 to 50 km s$^{-1}$. These features were located near the previously reported compact acoustic \cite{Donea05} and seismic sources \cite{Zharkova07}. We examine the origin of these features and their relationship with various aspects of the flares, {\it viz.}, hard X-ray emission sources and flare kernels observed at different layers - (i) photosphere (white-light continuum), (ii) chromosphere (H$\alpha$ 6563\AA), (iii) temperature minimum region (UV 1600\AA), and (iv) transition region (UV 284\AA).Comment: 26 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables, accepted for publication in Solar Physic