3 research outputs found

    Effect of lactation stage and concurrent pregnancy on milk composition in the bottlenose dolphin

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    Although many toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti) lactate for 2–3 years or more, it is not known whether milk composition is affected by lactation stage in any odontocete species. We collected 64 pooled milk samples spanning 1–30 months postpartum from three captive bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus. Milks were assayed for water, fat, crude protein (TN Γ— 6.38) and sugar; gross energy was calculated. Ovulation and pregnancy were determined via monitoring of milk progesterone. Based on analysis of changes in milk composition for each individual dolphin, there were significant increases (P<0.05) in fat (in all three dolphins) and crude protein (in two of three), and a decrease (P<0.05) in water (in two of three) over the course of lactation, but the sugar content did not change. In all three animals, the energy content was positively correlated with month of lactation, but the percentage of energy provided by crude protein declined slightly but significantly (P<0.05). At mid-lactation (7–12 months postpartum, n=17), milk averaged 73.0Β±1.0% water, 12.8Β±1.0% fat, 8.9Β±0.5% crude protein, 1.0Β±0.1% sugar, 1.76Β±0.09 kcal gβˆ’1 (=7.25 kJ gβˆ’1) and 30.3Β±1.3% protein:energy per cent. This protein:energy per cent was surprisingly high compared with other cetaceans and in relation to the growth rates of calves. Milk progesterone indicated that dolphins ovulated and conceived between 413 and 673 days postpartum, following an increase in milk energy density. The significance of these observed compositional changes to calf nutrition will depend on the amounts of milk produced at different stages of lactation, and how milk composition and yield are influenced by sampling procedure, maternal diet and maternal condition, none of which are known

    Using universal data model in materials science for storing crystal-chemical information

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    БпСциалистам-исслСдоватСлям Π² области тСорСтичСской кристаллохимии Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡƒΡ‡Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±Π°Ρ‚Ρ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ Π΄ΠΎΡΡ‚ΠΎΠ²Π΅Ρ€Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ ΠΎ химичСских ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚Π°Ρ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΡ€ΠΎΠ΄Ρ‹ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… исслСдуСмых ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ€ΡƒΠ΅ΠΌΡ‹Ρ… свойствах. Одной ΠΈΠ· основных ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ с нСструктурированными ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ слабоструктурированными Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ, являСтся ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈ соотвСтствия ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ источником Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ прилоТСниями, с ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹ΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ взаимодСйствуСт. Π§Π°Ρ‰Π΅ всСго это выраТаСтся Π² Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡ‡ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡƒΡ… Ρ€Π°Π·Π½Ρ‹Ρ… прСдставлСний Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π½Π° ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ систСмы хранСния ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΎΠ³Ρ€Π°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ слоя доступа, Ρ‚Ρ€Π΅Π±ΡƒΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΡ… Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ трансляции. РассматриваСмый Π² ΡΡ‚Π°Ρ‚ΡŒΠ΅ ΡƒΡ€ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΡŒ абстракции позволяСт ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ нСсоотвСтствия ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½ΠΈΡ‚ΡŒ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ модСль, ΠΈΠ½Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠ°Ρ†ΠΈΡŽ любого Ρ‚ΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ любого уровня слоТности. ΠŸΡ€Π΅Π΄ΡΡ‚Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅ Π² Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π΅ элСмСнтарныС ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡ‚ΠΈΠ²Ρ‹ для описания ΠΎΠ±ΡŠΠ΅ΠΊΡ‚ΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡ‚Π½ΠΎΡˆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρƒ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Ρ„ΠΎΡ€ΠΌΠΈΡ€ΡƒΡŽΡ‚ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Ρ†Π΅ΠΏΡ‚ΡƒΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΡƒΡŽ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ‚Π°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΡŒ. Они ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡŽΡ‚ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²Ρ‹ΠΉ каркас понятий ΠΎΠ±Ρ‰ΠΈΠΉ для систСмы хранСния Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΈ ΠΏΡ€ΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Π΅ с Π½Π΅ΠΉ Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π°ΡŽΡ‚. НапримСр, понятийный Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°Ρ€Π°Ρ‚ Π² ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅Ρ€ΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ тСсно связан с прСдСлСниями ΠΈΠ· Ρ‚Π΅ΠΎΡ€ΠΈΠΈ Π³Ρ€Π°Ρ„ΠΎΠ² посрСдством ΠΊΠΎΡ‚ΠΎΡ€Ρ‹Ρ… ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ кристаллохимичСскиС Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Π΅. Π­Ρ‚Π° взаимосвязь позволяСт, примСняя Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡŽΡ‰ΠΈΠ΅ понятия ΠΈΠ· области Ρ…ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ дискрСтной ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚Π΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ‚ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡ‹Π²Π°Ρ‚ΡŒ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ простыС элСмСнты кристаллохимичСских Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ…, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°Ρ‚ΠΎΠΌΡ‹ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ… связи, Ρ‚Π°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ слоТныС конструкции с Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒΡŽ провСдСния ΠΈΡ… ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡƒΡŽΡ‰Π΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡ†ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ классификации. ВсС это прСдоставляСт Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡ‚ΡŒ для использования Ρ€Π°Π·Π»ΠΈΡ‡Π½Ρ‹Ρ… мСтодологичСских ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ…ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±Ρ€Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ…Ρ€Π°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π² процСссС исслСдований. Specialists in a theoretical crystal chemistry need to obtain and process relevant and complete information about the objects of the different nature and their investigated or predicted properties. The main problem of unstructured data is the mismatch between data source and applications, which with it interacts. Most often, there are two different data representations of the database level and the data access layer requiring the special translation. The abstraction layer considered in the article allows avoiding such mismatch. It allows to store in the database supporting the universal data model, information of any type and complexity. The elementary primitives provided in article for the description of objects and relationships create a conceptual meta-model. They build the basic framework of concepts common to the database and applications that work with it. For example, the conceptual framework in materials science is connected to definitions of graph theory that allows one to describe crystal-chemical data using graph abstractions. With interrelated concepts from chemistry and discrete mathematics, we can describe the basic objects, such as atom or bond as well as more difficult objects. This provides the ability to use different methodological approaches in the processing and storage of data during research process.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡ‚Π° ΠΏΠΎ созданию структуры ΡƒΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅Ρ€ΡΠ°Π»ΡŒΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½Ρ‹Ρ… Π²Ρ‹ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡ€ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅Ρ€ΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡ€Π°Π²ΠΈΡ‚Π΅Π»ΡŒΡΡ‚Π²Π° Российской Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅Ρ€Π°Ρ†ΠΈΠΈ (Π³Ρ€Π°Π½Ρ‚ 14.Π’25.31.0005)

    Terahertz Bessel and "perfect" vortex beams generated with a binary axicon and axicon with continuous relief

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    Comparative studies of characteristics of Bessel and "perfect" vortex beams with a topological charge 9, created using a binary silicon axicon and a "holographic" diamond axicon with continu-ous profile at a wavelength of 141 ΞΌm, are carried out. Beams with linear and radial polarization are investigated. An example of the use of a perfect radially polarized beam for the excitation of vortex plasmon-polaritons on a cylindrical conductor is given
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