3 research outputs found
Effect of lactation stage and concurrent pregnancy on milk composition in the bottlenose dolphin
Although many toothed whales (Cetacea: Odontoceti) lactate for 2β3 years or more, it is not known whether milk composition is affected by lactation stage in any odontocete species. We collected 64 pooled milk samples spanning 1β30 months postpartum from three captive bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus. Milks were assayed for water, fat, crude protein (TN Γ 6.38) and sugar; gross energy was calculated. Ovulation and pregnancy were determined via monitoring of milk progesterone. Based on analysis of changes in milk composition for each individual dolphin, there were significant increases (P<0.05) in fat (in all three dolphins) and crude protein (in two of three), and a decrease (P<0.05) in water (in two of three) over the course of lactation, but the sugar content did not change. In all three animals, the energy content was positively correlated with month of lactation, but the percentage of energy provided by crude protein declined slightly but significantly (P<0.05). At mid-lactation (7β12 months postpartum, n=17), milk averaged 73.0Β±1.0% water, 12.8Β±1.0% fat, 8.9Β±0.5% crude protein, 1.0Β±0.1% sugar, 1.76Β±0.09 kcal gβ1 (=7.25 kJ gβ1) and 30.3Β±1.3% protein:energy per cent. This protein:energy per cent was surprisingly high compared with other cetaceans and in relation to the growth rates of calves. Milk progesterone indicated that dolphins ovulated and conceived between 413 and 673 days postpartum, following an increase in milk energy density. The significance of these observed compositional changes to calf nutrition will depend on the amounts of milk produced at different stages of lactation, and how milk composition and yield are influenced by sampling procedure, maternal diet and maternal condition, none of which are known
Using universal data model in materials science for storing crystal-chemical information
Π‘ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΡΠ°ΠΌ-ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΎ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌ, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΠ° ΠΏΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΎΠ½ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ. Π§Π°ΡΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠ°ΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π½Π° ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΏΠ°, ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ. Π Π°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΠΉ Π² ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½Ρ Π°Π±ΡΡΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡ Π² Π±Π°Π·Π΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ, ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΡ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Ρ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ. ΠΠ½ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°ΡΡ Π±Π°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Ρ Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΡΠΉ Π°ΠΏΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°Ρ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ΅ΠΎΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅. ΠΡΠ° Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
, ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π°ΡΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΈ Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Specialists in a theoretical crystal chemistry need to obtain and process relevant and complete information about the objects of the different nature and their investigated or predicted properties. The main problem of unstructured data is the mismatch between data source and applications, which with it interacts. Most often, there are two different data representations of the database level and the data access layer requiring the special translation. The abstraction layer considered in the article allows avoiding such mismatch. It allows to store in the database supporting the universal data model, information of any type and complexity. The elementary primitives provided in article for the description of objects and relationships create a conceptual meta-model. They build the basic framework of concepts common to the database and applications that work with it. For example, the conceptual framework in materials science is connected to definitions of graph theory that allows one to describe crystal-chemical data using graph abstractions. With interrelated concepts from chemistry and discrete mathematics, we can describe the basic objects, such as atom or bond as well as more difficult objects. This provides the ability to use different methodological approaches in the processing and storage of data during research process.Π Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²Π° Π ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π€Π΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ (Π³ΡΠ°Π½Ρ 14.Π25.31.0005)
Terahertz Bessel and "perfect" vortex beams generated with a binary axicon and axicon with continuous relief
Comparative studies of characteristics of Bessel and "perfect" vortex beams with a topological charge 9, created using a binary silicon axicon and a "holographic" diamond axicon with continu-ous profile at a wavelength of 141 ΞΌm, are carried out. Beams with linear and radial polarization are investigated. An example of the use of a perfect radially polarized beam for the excitation of vortex plasmon-polaritons on a cylindrical conductor is given