404 research outputs found
Effects of Strong Gravitational Lensing on Millimeter-Wave Galaxy Number Counts
We study the effects of strong lensing on the observed number counts of mm
sources using a ray tracing simulation and two number count models of unlensed
sources. We employ a quantitative treatment of maximum attainable magnification
factor depending on the physical size of the sources, also accounting for
effects of lens halo ellipticity. We calculate predicted number counts and
redshift distributions of mm galaxies including the effects of strong lensing
and compare with the recent source count measurements of the South Pole
Telescope (SPT). The predictions have large uncertainties, especially the
details of the mass distribution in lens galaxies and the finite extent of
sources, but the SPT observations are in good agreement with predictions. The
sources detected by SPT are predicted to largely consist of strongly lensed
galaxies at z>2. The typical magnifications of these sources strongly depends
on both the assumed unlensed source counts and the flux of the observed
sources
The Universe is not statistically isotropic
The standard cosmological model predicts statistically isotropic cosmic
microwave background (CMB) fluctuations. However, several summary statistics of
CMB isotropy have anomalous values, including: the low level of large-angle
temperature correlations, ; the excess power in odd versus even
low- multipoles, ; the (low) variance of large-scale temperature
anisotropies in the ecliptic north, but not the south, ; and the
alignment and planarity of the quadrupole and octopole of temperature,
. Individually, their low -values are weak evidence for violation of
statistical isotropy. The correlations of the tail values of these statistics
have not to this point been studied. We show that the joint probability of all
four of these happening by chance in CDM is likely
. This constitutes more than evidence for
violation of statistical isotropy.Comment: 6 page
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The Dynamical Regime of Sensory Cortex: Stable Dynamics around a Single Stimulus-Tuned Attractor Account for Patterns of Noise Variability.
Correlated variability in cortical activity is ubiquitously quenched following stimulus onset, in a stimulus-dependent manner. These modulations have been attributed to circuit dynamics involving either multiple stable states ("attractors") or chaotic activity. Here we show that a qualitatively different dynamical regime, involving fluctuations about a single, stimulus-driven attractor in a loosely balanced excitatory-inhibitory network (the stochastic "stabilized supralinear network"), best explains these modulations. Given the supralinear input/output functions of cortical neurons, increased stimulus drive strengthens effective network connectivity. This shifts the balance from interactions that amplify variability to suppressive inhibitory feedback, quenching correlated variability around more strongly driven steady states. Comparing to previously published and original data analyses, we show that this mechanism, unlike previous proposals, uniquely accounts for the spatial patterns and fast temporal dynamics of variability suppression. Specifying the cortical operating regime is key to understanding the computations underlying perception
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