The interplay between host biogeography and phylogeny in structuring diversification of the feather louse genus Penenirmus

We thank R.J. Adams, A. Aleixo, T. Chesser, R. Faucett, T. Galloway, S. Goodman, A. Gouvea, D. Lane, and C. Witt for assistance in obtaining specimens for this study. We thank A. Hernandez and C. Wright at the University of Illinois Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center for assistance with Illumina sequencing. We thank A. Paterson and J. Stefka ˇ for providing comments that improved the manuscript. Funding was provided by U.S. NSF DEB-1239788, DEB-1925487, DEB-1926919 to K.P.J., NSF DEB-1855812 to J.D.W. and K.P.J., and European Commission grant H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 (INTROSYM: 886532) to J.D. Funding for open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBUA.Supplementary data to this article can be found online at https://doi. org/10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107297.Parasite diversification is influenced by many of the same factors that affect speciation of free-living organisms, such as biogeographic barriers. However, the ecology and evolution of the host lineage also has a major impact on parasite speciation. Here we explore the interplay between biogeography and host-association on the pattern of diversification in a group of ectoparasitic lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Penenirmus) that feeds on the feathers of woodpeckers, barbets, and honeyguides (Piciformes) and some songbirds (Passeriformes). We use whole genome sequencing of 41 ingroup and 12 outgroup samples to develop a phylogenomic dataset of DNA sequences from a reference set of 2395 single copy ortholog genes, for a total of nearly four million aligned base positions. The phylogenetic trees resulting from both concatenated and gene-tree/species-tree coalescent analyses were nearly identical and highly supported. These trees recovered the genus Penenirmus as monophyletic and identified several major clades, which tended to be associated with one major host group. However, cophylogenetic analysis revealed that host-switching was a prominent process in the diversification of this group. This host switching generally occurred within single major biogeographic regions. We did, however, find one case in which it appears that a rare dispersal event by a woodpecker lineage from North America to Africa allowed its associated louse to colonize a woodpecker in Africa, even though the woodpecker lineage from North America never became established there.U.S. NSF DEB-1239788, DEB-1925487, DEB-1926919, NSF DEB-1855812European Commission grant H2020-MSCA-IF-2019 (INTROSYM: 886532)Open access charge: Universidad de Granada / CBU

Two new species of Cotingacola Carriker, 1956 (Phthiraptera: Ischnocera: Philopteridae) from Amazonian Brazil, with comments on host-specificity

Abstract This paper describes two new species of Cotingacola Carriker, 1956, C. lutzae n. sp. and C. engeli n. sp., from the cinereous mourner Laniocera hypopyrra (Vieillot) and black-necked red cotinga Phoenicircus nigricollis Swainson (Aves: Passeriformes: Cotingidae), respectively. These species are fully illustrated and compared with their morphologically closest relatives. With the addition of these two new species, this Neotropical chewing louse genus now includes ten species. We also present records from Brazil for two previously described species, C. stotzi Clayton & Price, 1998 and C. parmipapillae Carriker, 1956. The re-examination of a specimen identified as 'Cotingacola sp.' in a recent phylogenetic study confirmed that it is C. parmipapillae and that Querula purpurata (Statius Müller) regularly hosts two Cotingacola species, which means that at least three cotingid hosts carry more than one species of Cotingacola. We comment on the variability in the host-specificity of Cotingacola species

Multi-character taxonomic review, systematics, and biogeography of the Black-capped/Tawny-bellied Screech Owl (Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii) complex (Aves Strigidae)

Megascops is the most species-rich owl genus in the New World, with 21 species currently recognized. Phylogenetic relationships within this genus are notoriously difficult to establish due to the considerable plumage similarity among species and polymorphism within species. Previous studies have suggested that the widespread lowland Amazonian M. watsonii might include more than one species, and that the Atlantic Forest endemic M. atricapilla is closely related to the M. watsonii complex, but these relationships are as yet poorly understood. A recently published phylogeny of Megascops demonstrated that M. watsonii is paraphyletic with respect to M. atricapilla and that genetic divergences among some populations of M. watsonii are equal to or surpass the degree of differentiation between some M. watsonii and M. atricapilla. To shed light on the taxonomic status of these species and populations within them, we conducted a multi-character study based on molecular, morphological, and vocal characters. We sequenced three mitochondrial (cytb, CO1 and ND2) and three nuclear genes (BF5, CHD and MUSK) for 49 specimens, covering most of the geographic ranges of M. watsonii and M. atricapilla, and used these sequences to estimate phylogenies under alternative Bayesian, Maximum Likelihood, and multilocus coalescent species tree approaches. We studied 252 specimens and vocal parameters from 83 recordings belonging to 65 individuals, distributed throughout the ranges of M. watsonii and M. atricapilla. We used Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) to analyze both morphometric and vocal data, and a pairwise diagnostic test to evaluate the significance of vocal differences between distinct genetic lineages. Phylogenetic analyses consistently recovered six statistically well-supported clades whose relationships are not entirely in agreement with currently recognized species limits in M. watsonii and M. atricapilla. Morphometric analyses did not detect significant differences among clades. High plumage variation among individuals within clades was usually associated with the presence of two or more color morphs. By contrast, vocal analyses detected significant differentiation among some clades but considerable overlap among others, with some lineages (particularly the most widespread one) exhibiting significant regional variation. The combined results allow for a redefinition of species limits in both M. watsonii and M. atricapilla, with the recognition of four additional species, two of which we describe here as new. We estimated most cladogenesis in the Megascops atricapilla-M. watsonii complex as having taken place during the Plio-Pleistocene, with the development of the modern Amazonian and Sao Francisco drainages and the expansion and retraction of forest biomes during interglacial and glacial periods as likely events accounting for this relatively recent burst of diversification.Peer reviewe

The Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 S. Lake Shore Dr

a b s t r a c t The toucan genus Ramphastos (Piciformes: Ramphastidae) has been a model in the formulation of Neotropical paleobiogeographic hypotheses

Host life-history traits predict haemosporidian parasite prevalence in tanagers (Aves: Thraupidae)

Vector-borne parasites are important ecological drivers influencing life-history evolution in birds by increasing host mortality or susceptibility to new diseases. Therefore, understanding why vulnerability to infection varies within a host clade is a crucial task for conservation biology and for understanding macroecological life-history patterns. Here, we studied the relationship of avian life-history traits and climate on the prevalence of Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus parasites. We sampled 3569 individual birds belonging to 53 species of the family Thraupidae. Individuals were captured from 2007 to 2018 at 92 locations. We created 2 phylogenetic generalized least-squares models with Plasmodium and Parahaemoproteus prevalence as our response variables, and with the following predictor variables: climate PC1, climate PC2, body size, mixed-species flock participation, incubation period, migration, nest height, foraging height, forest cover, and diet. We found that Parahaemoproteus and Plasmodium prevalence was higher in species inhabiting open habitats. Tanager species with longer incubation periods had higher Parahaemoproteus prevalence as well, and we hypothesize that these longer incubation periods overlap with maximum vector abundances, resulting in a higher probability of infection among adult hosts during their incubation period and among chicks. Lastly, we found that Plasmodium prevalence was higher in species without migratory behaviour, with mixed-species flock participation, and with an omnivorous or animal-derived diet. We discuss the consequences of higher infection prevalence in relation to life-history traits in tanagers.Fil: Aguiar de Souza Penha, Victor. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Maia Chaves Bicalho Domingos, Fabricius. Universidade Federal do Paraná; BrasilFil: Fecchio, Alan. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Patagonia Norte. Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica. Universidad Nacional de la Patagonia "San Juan Bosco". Centro de Investigación Esquel de Montaña y Estepa Patagónica; ArgentinaFil: Bell, Jeffrey A.. University of South Dakota; Estados UnidosFil: Weckstein, Jason D.. No especifíca;Fil: Ricklefs, Robert E.. University of Missouri; Estados UnidosFil: Martins Braga, Erika. Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais; BrasilFil: de Abreu Moreira, Patrícia. Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto; BrasilFil: Soares, Leticia. University of Western Australia; AustraliaFil: Latta, Steven. No especifíca;Fil: Tolesano Pascoli, Graziela. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Alquezar, Renata Duarte. Universidade do Brasília; BrasilFil: Del Claro, Kleber. Universidade Federal de Uberlandia; BrasilFil: Tonelli Manica, Lilian. Universidade Federal do Paraná; Brasi

Feasibility assessment of patient reporting of symptomatic adverse events in multicenter cancer clinical trials

IMPORTANCE: In cancer clinical trials, symptomatic adverse events (AEs), such as nausea, are reported by investigators rather than by patients. There is increasing interest to collect symptomatic AE data via patient-reported outcome (PRO) questionnaires, but it is unclear whether it is feasible to implement this approach in multicenter trials. OBJECTIVE: To examine whether patients are willing and able to report their symptomatic AEs in multicenter trials. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: A total of 361 consecutive patients enrolled in any 1 of 9 US multicenter cancer treatment trials were invited to self-report 13 common symptomatic AEs using a PRO adaptation of the National Cancer Institute’s Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE) via tablet computers at 5 successive clinic visits. Patient adherence was tracked with reasons for missed self-reports. Agreement with clinician AE reports was analyzed with weighted κ statistics. Patient and investigator perspectives were elicited by survey. The study was conducted from March 15, 2007, to August 11, 2011. Data analysis was performed from August 9, 2013, to March 21, 2014. RESULTS: Of the 361 patients invited to participate, 285 individuals enrolled, with a median age of 57 years (range, 24-88), 202 (74.3%) female, 241 (85.5%) white, 73 (26.8%) with a high school education or less, and 176 (64.7%) who reported regular internet use (denominators varied owing to missing data). Across all patients and trials, there were 1280 visits during which patients had an opportunity to self-report (ie, patients were alive and enrolled in a treatment trial at the time of the visit). Self-reports were completed at 1202 visits (93.9% overall adherence). Adherence was highest at baseline and declined over time (visit 1, 100%; visit 2, 96%; visit 3, 95%; visit 4, 91%; and visit 5, 85%). Reasons for missing PROs included institutional errors in 27 of 48 (56.3%) of the cases (eg, staff forgetting to bring computers to patients at visits), patients feeling “too ill” in 8 (16.7%), patient refusal in 8 (16.7%), and internet connectivity problems in 5 (10.4%). Patient-investigator CTCAE agreement was moderate or worse for most symptoms (most κ < 0.05), with investigators reporting fewer AEs than patients across symptoms. Most patients believed that the system was easy to use (234 [93.2%]) and useful (230 [93.1%]), and investigators thought that the patient-reported AEs were useful (133 [94.3%]) and accurate (119 [83.2%]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Participants in multicenter cancer trials are willing and able to report their own symptomatic AEs at most clinic visits and report more AEs than investigators. This approach may improve the precision of AE reporting in cancer trials

Austrophilopterus cancellosus Carriker 1903, New Synonymy

1. Austrophilopterus cancellosus (Carriker 1903) (Figs. 1–5) Docophorus cancellosus Carriker 1903: 132. Type host: " Ramphastos toucard " = R. swainsonii Gould. Material. COLOMBIA: 2 males, 3 females, Bellavista, Santander N. (MAC­ 4643; 1943); 1 male, 1 female, San Alberto (33472; 1961). COSTA RICA: 1 female, Guapilas (MAC­ 515; 1903). PANAMA: 1 male, 1 female, Prov. de Panama, 49 km NNE Panama City, confluence of Rio Chargres and Rio Chagrecito, 0 9 21.44 'N, 79 19.18 'W (VGR­ 187; 2002); 1 male, 2 females, Colon, Achiote Road at Rio Providencia (DLD­ 5968; 1997); 1 male, La Laguna (200157; 1963); 1 female, Barro Colo (JVT­ 379; 1927); 1 male, Cerro Bruja (JHP; 1912). Remarks. The description of this species was based on 2 males and 2 females, with meaningful details lacking, other than statements regarding dimensions, coloration, thickenings, and general shape. Furthermore, there was no comparison of it to other louse taxa. The single illustration for a dorsal female is consistent, as far as it shows, with our material. Austrophilopterus cancellosus subsimilis Carriker 1950: 166. Type host: Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus Lesson. New Synonymy. Material. MEXICO: Holotype male, allotype female, 2 males, 3 females, Chiapas, Rio de las Playas (2 collections; WRW; 1943); 6 males, 5 females, Campeche, 24 km S Silvituc, 18 14 ’N, 90 12 ’W (DHC, PI­ 3 and 4; 1998); 2 males, 4 females, Veracruz, Tres Zapotas (MAC­ 517; 1940). Remarks. Described by Carriker from only a male/female pair and said to be “Very close to cancellosus ”, with only trivial insignificant morphological and dimensional differences given. Austrophilopterus cancellosus similis Carriker 1950: 167. Type host: Ramphastos ambiguus ambig­ uus Swainson. New Synonymy. Material. PERU: Holotype male, Chaupe (MAC­ 7094; 1933); allotype female, 2 female paratypes, Rio Jelashte (MAC­ 5930; 1932); 1 male, Loreto, nr. Funda Sinchora Cordillera Azul (JDW: JJH­ 496; 1967); 1 female, Huanuco, Divisoria in Cordillera Azul (JDW: JWE­ 129; 1967). COLOMBIA: 1 male, Cauca, Moscopan (MAC; 1958). Remarks. This subspecies was described from a type series of 3 females and the holotype male stated to be so poor that no detailed genitalic study was possible. Carriker emphasized the unique shape of the female subgenital plate, but this was a misinterpretation of its shape, which is little different from those of other females. Austrophilopterus cancellosus cuvieri Carriker 1950: 168. Type host: " Ramphastos c. cuvieri Wagler" = R. tucanus cuvieri Wagler. New Synonymy. Material. PERU: Holotype male, allotype female, 5 male, 3 female paratypes, Huacamayo (MAC­ 4152; 1931); 1 male, 3 females, Loreto, ca. 54 km NNW mouth Rio Morona on W bank, 0 4 16 ' 51 "S, 77 14 ' 16 "W (KE­ 184; 2001); 1 male, 2 females, Loreto, 7 km SW Jeberos, 0 5 18 ' 48 "S, 76 16 ' 32 "W (KE­ 112 and JLK­ 278; 2001); 1 male, 2 females, Loreto, 86 km SE Juanjui on E bank upper Rio Pauya, 0 7 35 ' 10 "S, 75 56 '01"W (TV­ 233 and DFL­ 1252; 2000); 11 males, 7 females, Yessup (MAC­ 1056; 1930). BRAZIL: 2 males, 3 females, Mato Grosso, S bank Rio Cristalino, 0.80 km upriver from confluence with Rio Teles Pires, 33 km NE Alta Floresta, 0 9 37 ' 51 "S, 55 55 ' 26 "W (JDW­ 231 and JDW­ 244; 1999); 1 male, 2 females, Pará, ca. 139 km SSW Santarém, W of Rio Tapajós, Alto Arapiuns (JDW­ 458; 2000); 1 female, Est. Amazonas (EAH; 1930); 1 female, Amazonas, Fazenda Toshiba, ca. 8 km NE Careiro, 0 3 47 'S, 60 17 'W (JDW­ 483; 2000); Remarks. Stated by Carriker as very close to A. cancellosus, with most dimensions within the limits of individual variation. The shape of the dorsoanterior head plate and the illustration of the female terminalia do not contribute to its identification. Even though Carriker had available “numerous specimens of both sexes”, his observations in typical fashion were apparently limited to the type pair. Austrophilopterus cancellosus incae Carriker 1950: 169. Type host: " Ramphastos cuvieri inca (Gould)" = R. tucanus inca Gould. New Synonymy. Material. BOLIVIA: Holotype male, allotype female, 4 male, 5 female paratypes, Chiñiri (MAC­ 9752; 1934); 3 males, 1 female, Huanay (MAC­ 9494; 1934); 1 male, Sta. Ana, Rio Corosca (MAC­ 9388; 1934). Remarks. With a type series of 3 specimens of each sex, Carriker mentioned that this “...was much smaller in almost all measurements than...the other races.” However, this does not hold true when considering material beyond the type pair. Austrophilopterus cancellosus minor Carriker 1950: 170. Type host: " Ramphocelus vitellinus Lich­ tenstein" = Ramphastos vitellinus vitellinus M. H. K. Lichtenstein. New Synonymy. Material. TRINIDAD: Holotype male, allotype female, 2 male, 2 female paratypes, Heights of Aripo (MAC­ 5281; 1909). BRAZIL: 3 males, 3 females, Amapá (PSH­ 100318; 1964); 1 female, Amapá, Rio Cuiciras (JDW: MPEG­ 48179; 1990); 2 males, 4 females, Roraima, Mucajai, Colônia do Apiau, 20 34 'N, 61 18 'W (JDW: MPEG­ 45747 and 45748; 1990); 1 female, Pará, N of Amazon River, lower Rio Curuá, ca. 30 km N of Curuá, Pacoval Village (JDW­ 469; 2000). Remarks. Carriker claimed this subspecies to be “...the smallest of the known races of cancellosus ”, but comparison with other specimens does not support this. Also, he noted that all 3 of his females were so distorted in mounting as to make it impossible to illustrate the abdomen. Austrophilopterus seminirmus Eichler 1954: 30. Type host: Ramphastos vitellinus ariel Vigors. New Synonymy. Material. BRAZIL: 1 male, 2 females, Pará, Fazenda Morelândia, 8 km N. of Santa Barbara do Pará, 0 1 12 ' 40 "S, 48 14 ' 47 "W (AA­ 620; 2000); 1 male, 2 females, São Paulo, ca. 40 km SW Sete Barras, 24 14.28 'S, 48 04.94'W (JDW­ 435; 2000); 1 female, Maranhão, Municipio Turiaçu, Bom Jesus da Mata (JDW: MPEG­ 34942; 1983). Remarks. Eichler's description, based on 16 lice from the type host, contained no illustrations or dimensions, and consisted only of brief verbiage in tabular form comparing this taxon to A. c. incae. The sum total of the value of this is meaningless and reliance must be placed on our material from the type host being representative of this taxon. Austrophilopterus cancellosus caurensis Carriker in Carriker and Diaz­Ungria 1961: 43. Type host: Ramphastos tucanus tucanus L. New Synonymy. Material. BRAZIL: 2 males, 2 females, no locality (DB­ 6; 1965); 2 males, 3 females, Pará, Fazenda Morelandia, 8 km N. of Santa Barbara do Pará, 0 1 12 ' 40 "S, 48 14 ' 47 "W (JDW­ 284; 1999). GUYANA: 1 female, Kartago Pt. (JH; 1984). Remarks. With a type series of 2 males and 3 females, Carriker limited his comparison only to A. c. incae, giving no useful features for separation. Other material examined: Ex Ramphastos brevis Meyer de Schauensee. ECUADOR: 1 male, 1 female, Pichincha, 2.5 km SW Mindo, 0 04'N, 78 47 'W (KN­ 794; 1999). Ex R. dicolorus L. BRAZIL: 11 males, 11 females, Nova Teutonia (Plaumann; 1938). Ex R. sulfuratus brevicarinatus Gould. COLOMBIA: 2 males, 4 females, Magdalena, Coracolicito (MAC­ 11025; 1941); 1 male, Magdalena, Camp Costa Rica (MAC­ 9653; 1947); 1 female, Plato, Camp Costa Rica (MAC­ 9534; 1947). COSTA RICA: 1 female, Rio Siesola (MAC­ 979; 1904). PANAMA: 1 female, Barro Colo (JVT­ 104; 1926); 1 male, 1 female, Barro Colo (JVT­ 488; 1927). Ex R. toco Statius Müller. BOLIVIA: 1 female, Dpto. Santa Cruz, Santa Rosa, 8 km WSW San Matias, 16 22 'S, 58 28 'W (CCW­ 981; 1999). Ex R. vitellinus ariel > culminatus. BRAZIL: 1 male, 2 females, Pará, ca. 139 km SSW Santarém, W of Rio Tapajós, Rio Maró, 0 2 44.41 'S, 55 41.45 'W (JDW­ 450; 2000); 1 male, 1 female, Pará, Municipio Santana do Araguaia, Fazenda Barra das Princesas (JDW: MPEG­ 48582; 1992). Ex R. vitellinus citreolaemus Gould. COLOMBIA: 2 females, La Raya, Bol. (MAC­ 12248; 1948); 1 female, Santander N., Petrolea (MAC­ 4866; 1943). Ex R. vitellinus culminatus Gould. BOLIVIA: 1 male, 1 female, Calabatea (MAC­ 10391; 1934); 1 male, 1 female, Chatarona (MAC­ 10297; 1934). BRAZIL: 1 male, 2 females, Amazonas, S bank Rio Solimões, 13.5 km E. São Paulo de Olivença, 0 3 27 'S, 68 49 'W (AA­ 713 and 714; 2000). PERU: 1 male, 3 females, Loreto, 7 km SW Jeberos, 0 5 18 ' 48 "S, 76 16 ' 32 "W (DFL­ 1592; 2001); 2 females, Loreto, ca. 54 km NNW mouth Rio Morona on W bank, 0 4 16 ' 51 "S, 77 14 ' 16 "W (JLK­ 306; 2001). VENEZUELA: 1 female, T. F. Amaz., Cerro de la Neblina basecamp, 0 50 'N, 65 10 'W (JPO et al.; 1985). Ex R. vitellinus culminatus>ariel. BRAZIL: 2 males, 3 females, Mato Grosso, W bank Rio Teles Pires, 33 km NE Alta Floresta, 0 9 39 ' 36 "S, 55 54 ' 58 "W (JDW­ 257; 1998). Male. As in Fig. 1, dorsal head as in Fig. 2. Tergal setae: II, 2; III, 4–6 (40: 4.2); IV, 4–6 (41: 4.3); V, 4–8 (43: 5.9); VI, 6–11 (44: 7.8); VII, 7–10 (43: 9.2); VIII, 5–9 (43: 7.3). Tergum VII undivided (49 of 67 specimens) or with median vertical junction line (17 of 67 specimens), with only 1 specimen showing distinct space between plates. Sternal setae: II, 4–8 (36: 5.4); III, 4–7 (37: 5.3); IV, 4–8 (38: 5.8); V, 4–8 (42: 6.1); VI, 4–9 (43: 6.1); VII, 3–6 (47: 4.1), VIII, 2–3 (43: 2.0). Genitalia (Figs. 3–4) with GL, 0.46–0.60 (59: 0.537), GPL, 0.090–0.130 (68: 0.1054). Dimensions: TW, 0.56–0.71 (63: 0.624); HL, 0.63–0.74 (64: 0.682); PW, 0.35–0.45 (63: 0.403); MW, 0.48–0.62 (63: 0.546); AWV, 0.62 –1.00 (59: 0.818); TL, 1.82–2.31 (60: 2.051). Female. Abdomen as in Fig. 5. Tergal setae: II, 2; III–IV, 4; V, 4–5 (55: 4.0); VI, 4–6 (54: 4.2); VII, 4–6 (55: 4.5); VIII, 3–5 (54: 4.0). Sternal setae: II, 3–7 (44: 5.3); III, 4–8 (44: 4.7); IV, 4–6 (50: 4.9); V, 4–7 (52: 5.2); VI, 4–8 (57: 5.5); VII, 4–9 (54: 6.4). Dimensions: TW, 0.58–0.75 (83: 0.665); HL, 0.65–0.77 (85: 0.717); PW, 0.37–0.47 (83: 0.427); MW, 0.52–0.68 (82: 0.591); AWV, 0.74–1.10 (69: 0.920); TL, 2.14–2.75 (79: 2.456). Diagnosis. This species is separated from A. flavirostris Carriker by the male of the former lacking a median separation between the tergal plates on VII and having a penis length 0.090–0.130 (mean = 0.1054). The females are virtually inseparable, with a suggestion of difference in that the mean number of sternal setae for all segments of A. cancellosus is smaller than for A. flavirostris. While these separations are certainly not profound, the recognition of these 2 as separate species is further supported by A. cancellosus being limited to hosts in the genus Ramphastos and A. flavirostris limited to hosts in the genus Pteroglossus.Published as part of Price, Roger D. & Weckstein, Jason D., 2005, The genus Austrophilopterus Ewing (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from toucans, toucanets, and araçaris (Piciformes: Ramphastidae), pp. 1-18 in Zootaxa 918 on pages 3-7, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17107

Picicola

Key to the Species of Picicola from the Jacamars and Puffbirds 1 Abdominal tergites II–IV each with 5 or more tergocentral setae (Fig. 27)................... ..................................................................................... P. serrafreirei Valim and Linardi - At least tergites II–IV each with only 2 tergocentral setae (Fig. 1).............................. 2 2 Head marginal carina with irregular inner border (Figs. 4, 9)...................................... 3 - Head marginal carina with even inner border (Figs. 7, 12, 15)..................................... 5 3 Cephalic index> 1.18 (Fig. 4); penis length 0.035–0.040 (Fig. 8).................................. ........................................................................................... P. striata Oniki and Emerson - Cephalic index <1.17 (Fig. 9); penis length not over 0.030 (Fig. 11, 24)..................... 4 4 Male tergite IX with chaetotaxy as in Fig. 22; penis extremely short, 0.015 long (Fig. 24) ........................................................................................................... P. oneilli n.sp. - Male tergite IX with chaetotaxy as in Fig. 3; penis longer, 0.025–0.030 long (Fig. 11) ................................................................................................................. P. valquii n.sp. 5 Female vulval margin as in Fig. 17; chaetotaxy of male tergite IX as in Fig. 16........... ................................................................................................................. P. osheai n. sp. - Female vulval margin as in Fig. 20; chaetotaxy of male tergite IX as in Fig. 3 or 19.. 6 6 Chaetotaxy of male tergite IX as in Fig. 19; male genitalia as in Fig. 21; female subgenital plate as in Fig. 20 ...................................................................... P. faucetti n. sp. - Chaetotaxy of male tergite IX as in Fig. 3; male genitalia as in Fig. 8 or 14; female subgenital plate as in Fig. 5........................................................................................... 7 7 Penis as in Fig. 14; head shape as in Fig. 12 ........................................... P. naokii n. sp. - Penis as in Fig. 8; head shape as in Fig. 7 ...................... P. galbulica Valim and LinardiPublished as part of Price, Roger D. & Weckstein, Jason D., 2006, Picicola Clay and Meinertzhagen (Phthiraptera: Philopteridae) from jacamars and puffbirds (Piciformes: Galbulidae, Bucconidae), with descriptions of five new species, pp. 37-50 in Zootaxa 1367 on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.17482