73 research outputs found
Diffeomorphism invariant eigenvalue problem for metric perturbations in a bounded region
We suggest a method of construction of general diffeomorphism invariant
boundary conditions for metric fluctuations. The case of dimensional
Euclidean disk is studied in detail. The eigenvalue problem for the Laplace
operator on metric perturbations is reduced to that on -dimensional vector,
tensor and scalar fields. Explicit form of the eigenfunctions of the Laplace
operator is derived. We also study restrictions on boundary conditions which
are imposed by hermiticity of the Laplace operator.Comment: LATeX file, no figures, no special macro
ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²
Results of the experimental study of the kinetics of thermal decomposition of natural Belarusian dolomites are discussed. Π kinetic equation of this process in the conditions of the performed experiments is determined. The energy activation and pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation corresponding to the established kinetic equation are determined.ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ΅Π»Π°ΡΡΡΠΈ. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ°Π²Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡ ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ
A method is presented for obtaining activated carbons (highly porous carbon materials) based on plant (wood) raw materials using a developed and manufactured experimental setup, consisting of a steam generator, a superheater, a pyrolysis and activation chamber and a cooler with a heat exchanger with forced convection. The analysis of the features of chemical and physical activation of charcoal, obtained by pyrolysis of wood raw materials, is carried out, and a conclusion is made about the advantage of physical activation, based on the use of water vapor as an activating agent. A description of the results of experimental studies carried out using the developed installation is given. These results confirm the conclusions of other studies that excessive pressure increases the mass yield of solid products formed during the thermochemical conversion of plant biomass. It was found that an increase in pressure, at which pyrolysis occurs, leads to an increase in the carbon content in charcoal. So, with an increase in pressure at which pyrolysis was carried out, from 1 to 8 atm, the carbon content in charcoal increased from 88.3 to 93.7 wt.%. Data on the efficiency of physical activation of solid products of pyrolysis of woody biomass using water vapor are presented and a conclusion is made that this direction is promising in the development of the foundations for the production of highly porous carbon materials.ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ (Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²) Π½Π° Π±Π°Π·Π΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ (Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ) ΡΡΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ°, ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΎΡ
Π»Π°Π΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ. ΠΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΡΡ, ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΈΠΌΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π³Π΅Π½ΡΠ°. ΠΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅. Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ»ΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·, ΠΎΡ 1 Π΄ΠΎ 8 Π°ΡΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π° Π² Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π»ΠΎ ΠΎΡ 88,3 Π΄ΠΎ 93,7 ΠΌΠ°Ρ.%. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΠΎΠ²
Π Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
The kinetic model of wood pyrolysis under pressure is discussed in the present paper taking into account the diffusion of the resulting gas-phase products (i.e. heavy hydrocarbons) and their decomposition reactions. This model is based on a simplified mechanism of wood pyrolysis, including two parallel chemical reactions, viz. the primary decomposition reaction of Β wood biomass with the formation of solid and gaseous components and the thermal decomposition reaction in the biomass pores of hydrocarbons formed in the primary process. The model takes into account the diffusion processes of the primary pyrolysis products from the resulting pores and thermal decomposition in the pores of these products. Based on the developed model, a computer program for calculating the main parameters of the pyrolysis process under pressure was created and the mass yield of solid pyrolysis products under various conditions was calculated. The calculation took into account the main parameters that affect the yield of solid wood biomass products, viz. temperature and pyrolysis pressure, particle sizes, porosity, etc. The calculations demonstrated that the increase of the pressure at which the pyrolysis of wood biomass is carried out causes an increase of the formation of the amount of solid products, which corresponds to the available experimental data. It was established that at a pressure of 1 atm when a sample size is of 0.025 m, the maximum yield of solid products is observed at the temperature of 600 Β°C. As the pressure increases the maximum yield increases, while the temperature at which the maximum is reached decreases. So, at a pressure of 10 atm when a particle size is of 0.025 m, the maximum yield of solid products is observed at the temperature of about 500 Β°C, and it is higher than that at 1 atm by 1.18 times. It was also determined that the temperature of the maximum yield of charcoal decreases with increasing sizes of pyrolyzable samples. Thus, when a sample size is of 0.5 m, this temperature is about 400 Β°C at 10 atm.. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π° ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² (ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ²) ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ: ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΠ·ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π²ΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΡ
Π² ΠΏΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π° Π² ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
. ΠΡΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ, Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π° Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ: ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π°, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈ Π΄Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π° ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ², ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°Π»ΠΎ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 1 Π°ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ 0,025 ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ 600 Β°Π‘. Π‘ ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΡΠΌ, ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠΈ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ 10 Π°ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ 0,025 ΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄ ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π°Π±Π»ΡΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΎ 500 Β°Π‘ β Π² 1,18 ΡΠ°Π·Π° Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΈ 1 Π°ΡΠΌ. ΠΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»Ρ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ. Π’Π°ΠΊ, ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡΡ 0,5 ΠΌ ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΊΠ° 400 Β°Π‘ ΠΏΡΠΈ 10 Π°ΡΠΌ
ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ¬ΠΠΠ ΠΠ‘Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠΠΠΠ¦ΠΠ ΠΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ¬Π¦ΠΠ― Π ΠΠΠΠ’ΠΠ ΠΠΠ§ΠΠ‘ΠΠΠ₯ Π£Π‘ΠΠΠΠΠ―Π₯
The results of experimental studies of kinetics of the reaction CaO + CO2 = CaΠ‘Π2 performed at isothermal conditions at temperatures of 773, 873, 973 and 1123 K are being discussed. Pyrolysis gas, containing approximately 14.5% vol. of CO2 was fed during the experiments into the reaction zone, which housed the sample of calcinated dolomite. The extent of the reaction was determined from the weight gain of the sample kept at a constant temperature. Analysis of the data has shown that the kinetics of the CaO carbonation reaction is characterized by typical periods of heterogeneous processes, such as periods of induction, reaction acceleration and deceleration. The rate-determining step of the overall process for small degrees of conversion is a chemical reaction of CaO and CO2 . Activation energy and pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation were estimated for this stage on the basis of the performed study. They are 29.6 kJ / mol and 0.36Β·10β1 min-1 (6.0Β·10β3 s-1 ) respectively.Β ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°Π + Π‘Π2 = Π‘Π°Π‘Π2 , Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
773, 873, 973 ΠΈ 1123 Π. Π ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠΉ Π³Π°Π·, ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ 14,5 ΠΌΠ°Ρ.% Π‘Π2 , ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°Π²Π°Π»ΡΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·Π΅Ρ ΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ°. Π‘ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, Π²ΡΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅. ΠΠ½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π», ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΠΊΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π‘Π°Π Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ, ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΌΠΌΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°, ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π·Π°ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘Π°Π ΠΈ Π‘Π2 . ΠΠ»Ρ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (29,6 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ) ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π·Π°Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ (0,36Β·10β1 ΠΌΠΈΠ½-1 ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ 6,0Β·10β3 Ρ-1).
ΠΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ Π±Π΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ
The paper discusses results of an experimental study of the thermal decomposition of pyrolysis tar in a homogeneous process and in the presence of a catalyst. Experiments on thermal decomposition of pyrolysis tar were carried out under isothermal conditions in a laboratory setup at temperatures of 300, 400, 450 and 500 Β°C. The rate of the homogeneous process of thermal decomposition of tar and maximal degrees of decomposition were determined. According to the data of this work, the activation energy of the homogeneous process was 320 kJ/mol. It was found that the rate of thermal decomposition of the tar increases in the case of introducing samples of natural dolomites into the reaction zone, as well as a composite material based on them. This increase is due to the occurrence of a heterogeneous catalytic decomposition reaction of the pyrolysis tar. The apparent activation energy of this process was 210 kJ/mol (when using dolomites) and 202 kJ/mol (when using composites). It was noted that the composite material has significantly more favorable mechanical properties than dolomite. Based on the established data, it was concluded that the creation of composite catalysts for the thermal decomposition of heavy hydrocarbons formed in the processes of thermochemical conversion of biomass is promising.ΠΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠΏΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π° Π»Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ°Ρ
300, 400, 450 ΠΈ 500 Β°Π‘. ΠΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅Π½ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π³ΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎ Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 320 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ², Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π° Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅. ΠΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π³Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ³Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ»ΠΈΠ·Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ. ΠΠ°ΠΆΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΈΡ Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π° 210 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ (ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²) ΠΈ 202 ΠΊΠΠΆ/ΠΌΠΎΠ»Ρ (ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²). ΠΡΠΈ ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°Π΅Ρ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π΅ Π±Π»Π°Π³ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΡΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ²ΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π»ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΌΠΈΡ. ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π°Π½ Π²ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ·ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·Π»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅ΡΡΠΈΠΈ Π±ΠΈΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΡΡ
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