Forest Quarantine Pests: Risk Analysis and Phytosanitary Measures

L’augmentation des mouvements de plantes forestières et de végétaux à l’échelon international est à l’origine d’un nombre croissant d’introductions de nouveaux ravageurs dans les pays importateurs. Au niveau mondial, la Convention internationale pour la protection des végétaux (CIPV) coordonne les travaux en matière phytosanitaire. Les principes phytosanitaires sont développés sous forme de compromis entre la CIPV et l’Accord SPS de l’OMC. En Europe, l’Organisation européenne et méditerranéenne pour la protection des plantes (OEPP) coordonne les travaux sur la prévention de l’introduction et de la propagation des ravageurs réglementés (de quarantaine ou non). La classification d’un organisme nuisible comme réglementé ou non fait suite à une analyse du risque phytosanitaire (ARP) effectuée selon les processus internationalement reconnus. Les principales étapes de l’ARP sont (1) la mise en route du processus, (2) l’évaluation du risque (de probabilité d’introduction, de propagation et d’établissement d’un organisme nuisible, et les incidences potentielles associées pour l’économie et l’environnement) et (3) la gestion du risque afin de sélectionner les mesures phytosanitaires (dans le pays exportateur, pendant le transport, au point d’entrée, etc.) afin de prévenir l’introduction et la propagation du ravageur sur de nouveaux territoires. Les mesures phytosanitaires peuvent être mises en oeuvre sur les expéditions, la culture afin de limiter l’infestation d’origine, à des espaces ou lieux de production afin d’assurer que ces derniers soient indemnes de ravageurs.The increase in the international movement of forest plants and plant products results in an increasing number of introductions of new pests to the importing countries. At the global level, the International plant protection convention (IPPC) is coordinating phytosanitary works. Phytosanitary principles are developed in compromise between IPPC and SPS Agreement of WTO. In Europe, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO), is coordinating work to prevent introduction and spread of regulated (quarantine and nonquarantine) pests. To decide whether a pest should be classified as a regulated pest, Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) is performed according to internationally approved schemes. The main stages of PRA are (1) initiation, (2) risk assessment (for probability of entry, spread and establishment of a pest, and potential economic and environmental impact associated) and (3) risk management to select phytosanitary measures (in the exporting country, in transit, at the point of entry, etc.) to prevent entry and spread of the pest in new areas. Phytosanitary measures can be applied to consignments, to the crop to reduce original infestation, to areas or places of production to ensure there freedom of pests

Changes in Polish domestic production of herbal plants and in selected types of enterprises that process herbal plants in the context of the global increase in demand for these products

Celem opracowania była ocena zmian wybranych aspektów produkcji i przetwórstwa roślin zielarskich w wybranych latach okresu 2005-2013. Analizowano zmiany zachodzące w liczbie gospodarstw i powierzchni upraw zielarskich, jak również w liczbie wybranych rodzajów przedsiębiorstw przetwarzających rośliny zielarskie. Z przeprowadzonych badań wynika, że w latach 2005-2012 zaszły istotne zmiany w produkcji zielarskiej w Polsce, charakteryzujące się ogólnym spadkiem zarówno powierzchni upraw ziół, jak i liczby gospodarstw zielarskich. Pomimo wspomnianego, ogólnego spadku w niektórych województwach, takich jak dolnośląskim, warmińsko-mazurskim i małopolskim odnotowano wyraźny wzrost zarówno powierzchni upraw jak i liczby tych gospodarstw.The aim of the study was to estimate the changes in the selected aspects of production of herbal plants in selected years of the period 2005-2013. The study shows that in 2005-2012 there were significant changes in herbal production in Poland, characterized by a general decline in both the surface area and in the number of surveyed households. While taking into account a particular province, for example: Lower Silesia, Warmia-Masurian and Lesser Poland, found an increase in both acreage and number of farms

Evolution of silver in a eutectic-based Bi2O3–Ag metamaterial

International audienceThe development of novel manufacturing techniques of nano-/micromaterials, especially metallodielectric materials, has enabled dynamic development of such fields as nanoplasmonics. However, the fabrication methods are still mostly based on time-consuming and costly top-down techniques limited to two-dimensional materials. Recently, directional solidification has been proposed and utilized for manufacturing of volumetric nanoplasmonic materials using the example of a Bi2O3–Ag eutectic-based nanocomposite. Here, we explain the evolution of silver in this composite, from the crystal growth through the post-growth annealing processes. Investigation with tunneling electron microscopy shows that silver initially enters the composite as an amorphous AgBiO3 phase, which is formed as a wetting layer between the grains of Bi2O3 primary phase. The post-growth annealing leads to decomposition of the amorphous phase into Bi2O3 nanocrystals and intergranular Ag nanoparticles, providing the tunable localized surface plasmon resonance at yellow light wavelengths