The combined method for uncertainty evaluation in electromagnetic radiation measurement

Electromagnetic radiation of all frequencies represents one of the most common and fastest growing environmental influence. All populations are now exposed to varying degrees of electromagnetic radiation and the levels will continue to increase as technology advances. An electronic or electrical product should not generate electromagnetic radiation which may impact the environment. In addition, electromagnetic radiation measurement results need to be accompanied by quantitative statements about their accuracy. This is particularly important when decisions about product specifications are taken. This paper presents an uncertainty budget for disturbance power measurements of the equipment as part of electromagnetic radiation. We propose a model which uses a mixed distribution for uncertainty evaluation. The evaluation of the probability density function for the measurand has been done using the Monte Carlo method and a modified least-squares method (combined method). For illustration, this paper presents mixed distributions of two normal distributions, normal and rectangular, respectively

Meat consumption: theory, practice and future prospects

This research reviewed human meat consumption and highlighted associated history, challenges and benefits. Selected literature for the manuscript was from relevant titles and reliable international sources. From early times of the mankind meat consumption and animal husbandry were inseparable parts of living, and with similar consequences as dramatic influence on environment. Human need for meat consumption fueled development of large world markets with incredible trade, processing and consumption. This overconsumption has caused health problems associated with high intake of cholesterol and sodium chloride. Another problem with meat consumption is the use of additives in processed products. In modern time these problems are tackled by the use of additives from plants that have health benefits. Thermal processing is yet another problem with meat consumption that food industry and science addresses by non-thermal replacements (e. g. high-pressure processing and electrotechnologies). Recently, interesting alternatives for meat processing included 3D Printing that is able to engineer admirable meat products from by-products. However, this technology might need to employ enzymes such as transglutaminase, associated with potential health problems and misleading the customers. Unfortunately, fraudulent activities are common for meat products and it would be prudent to organize enforcement centers with at least police and analysts skilled in chemometrics and various laboratory techniques for food defense. It seems as humankind expands it will seek more proteins from plant, insects, unicellular biomass, and synthetic meat than from the animal origin, however all of the alternatives must be carefully evaluated against consumer acceptance, public health and environmental concerns

Mass Spectra of Labeled Cyclopentanols

The fragmentation of cyclopentanol has been studied by employing the deuterium labeling technique. Starting from the molecular ion the following specific processes could be established: loss of H from the position 1, loss of CH3 formed mainly from 2 (or 5) position after a-scission, loss of H 2 0 as a 1,3-elimination, and loss of C2H 5 generated from 2 and 3 or 4 and 5 positions plus one hydrogen from position 5 or 2, respectively. The results are discussed

Mass Spectra of Labeled Cyclopentanols

The fragmentation of cyclopentanol has been studied by employing the deuterium labeling technique. Starting from the molecular ion the following specific processes could be established: loss of H from the position 1, loss of CH3 formed mainly from 2 (or 5) position after a-scission, loss of H 2 0 as a 1,3-elimination, and loss of C2H 5 generated from 2 and 3 or 4 and 5 positions plus one hydrogen from position 5 or 2, respectively. The results are discussed

RXJ 0921+4529: a binary quasar or gravitational lens?

We report the new spectroscopic observations of the gravitational lens RXJ 021+4529 with the multi-mode focal reducer SCORPIO of the SAO RAS 6-m telescope. The new spectral observations were compared with the previously observed spectra of components A and B of RXJ 0921+4529, i.e. the same components observed in different epochs. We found a significant difference in the spectrum between the components that cannot be explained with microlensing and/or spectral variation. We conclude that RXJ 0921+4529 is a binary quasar system, where redshifts of quasars A and B are 1.6535 +/- 0.0005 and 1.6625 +/- 0.0015, respectively.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letter

Carbonized Jute Sorbent for Oil Cleanup

Over 90 million tons of textile waste is produced every year. A large share of waste comes from the goods made of cellulose fibers. Recently, special attention has been directed towards the use of textile cellulose waste for clean-up of oil spills. The major problem relies on their relatively small oil capacity and complex separation of individual cellulose fibers from the treated spills. In an attempt to overcome this drawback, a non-woven sorbent based on recycled jute fibers obtained from the carpet industry was manufactured. Improvement of porosity and hydrophobicity/oleophilicity of the sorbent was achieved by carbonization process in an inert atmosphere. FESEM analysis revealed the fiber reduction of almost 40% induced by fiber degradation while EDX analysis confirmed the increase in the carbon content by 75% after carbonization. Oil capacity in water medium, buoyancy, oil retention and reusability of non-carbonized and carbonized sorbents were evaluated by testing four different oils (crude oil, diesel oil, two motor oils). After carbonization process, the oil sorption capacity was doubled in comparison with noncarbonized sorbent independent of oil viscosity. Carbonized sorbent not only remained afloat after 24 h of staying in water, but it sorbed a negligible amount of water unlike non-carbonized sorbent. in addition to good buoyancy, oil retention on carbonized sorbents ranged from 64-80% after 30 min of draining. Larger uptake was achieved with oils of higher viscosity, but their retention was worse. Oil sorption capacity after 5 repeated sorption/desorption trials was significantly larger in the case of carbonized sorbent since it retained 80-88% of its initial oil sorption capacity depending on tested oil

EFFECT OF POLYDEXTROSE AND Κ-CARRAGEENAN ON INITIAL FREEZING POINT OF CHICKEN SURIMI

Initial freezing points (Ti) of chicken surimi samples mixed with sodium tripolyphosphate (w = 0.3%), κ-carrageenan (w = 0.5 %) and different mass fractions of polydextrose (w = 1 -10%) were determined by use of differential thermal analysis (DTA). Chicken surimi was produced following a modified procedure of Dawson et al. (1988.) from broiler (Sasso, 12 weeks, 1.73 kg live wt.). Water content in chicken surimi was 84.05% before mixing with added substances. Relations between decrease of the initial freezing point (Ti) as function of mass fractions (w) of the polydextrose were determined by linear regression. Coefficients of determination R2 = 0.90 were obtained. There were differences in the Ti values for samples of chicken surimi and water solution of polydextrose as a function of the mass fraction of polydextrose calculated on the total mass of water. These findings support the assumption that polydextrose interacts with chicken surimi proteins, resulting in an increase in the mass fraction of bound water, which depresses Ti. The results are compared with results for chicken surimi with added different mass fractions of polydextrose (w = 1 -10%) but without κ-carrageenan and with Pham model for prediction Ti

Algorithm for calculating influence of power transformer oil temperature change on the accuracy of allacoustic non-iterative partial discharge localization

Ovaj rad razmatra čisto akustičku metodu za lokalizaciju parcijalnog pražnjenja u energetskom transformatoru. Ova metoda se zasniva na matematičkom modelu koji koristi multilateraciju, princip vremenske razlike kašnjenja signala i neiterativni matematički algoritam. U ovom modelu pretpostavlja se da akustički signal prolazi jedino kroz transformatorsko ulje i da je brzina akustičkog signala konstantna. Brzina akustičkog signala u velikoj meri zavisi od temperature transformatorskog ulja što znači da se i temperatura transformatorskog ulja smatra konstantnom. U realnim uslovima, sa aspekta fizike, termodinamike fluida, konstrukcije transformatora itd., ova pretpostavka je najblaže rečeno velika. Upravo zato se u ovom radu istražuje uticaj promene temperature transformatorskog ulja (promene brzine akustičkog signala) na preciznost razmatrane metode. Za tu namenu, dizajniran je algoritam i implementiran u programskom jeziku Visual C#. Na osnovu sprovedenih simulacija stečena su nova saznanja o interakciji između temperature transformatorskog ulja i položaja akustičkih senzora. Ova interakcija dovela je do značajne razlike u preciznosti neiterativnog matematičkog algoritma za različite položaje akustičkih senzora pri promeni temperature transformatorskog ulja. Kako bi se uočena interakcija maksimalno iskoristila za unapređenje preciznosti razmatrane metode, predloženi su određeni koraci za dalje istraživanje i razvoj.This article investigates the all-acoustic method for partial discharge localization in a power transformer. This method is based on mathematical model that uses multilateration with Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) principle and non-itterative mathematical algorithm. In this model, it is assumed that acoustic signal propagates only through transformer oil and that the velocity of acoustic signal is constant. Acoustic signal velocity is largely dependent on transformer oil temperature meaning that oil temperature is also considered to be constant. In reality if we look from the perspective of physics, thermo dynamics of fluids, transformer construction etc. this approximation is enormous. Therefore, influence of power transformer oil temperature change (velocity of acoustic signal change) on the accuracy of this method is investigated. For that purpose special algorithm is designed and implemented in Visual C# programming language. Based on conducted simulations, further knowledge is gained about interaction between transformer oil temperature and placement of acoustic sensors. This interaction produced significant disparity in noniterative algorithm's accuracy for different sensor positions with oil temperature change. In order to fully take advantage of noticed interaction, certain steps for further research and development are proposed

Towards viable flow simulations of small-scale rotors and blade segments

The paper focuses on the possibilities of adequately simulating complex flow fields that appear around small-scale propellers of multicopter aircraft. Such unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are steadily gaining popularity for their diverse applications (surveillance, communication, deliveries, etc.) and the need for a viable (i.e. usable, satisfactory, practical) computational tool is also surging. From an engineering standpoint, it is important to obtain sufficiently accurate predictions of flow field variables in a reasonable amount of time so that the design process can be fast and efficient, in particular the subsequent structural and flight mechanics analyses. That is why more or less standard fluid flow models, e.g. Reynolds-averaged Navier—Stokes (RANS) equations solved by the finite volume method (FVM), are constantly being employed and validated. On the other hand, special attention must be given to various flow peculiarities occurring around the blade segments shaped like airfoils since these flows are characterized by small chords (length-scales), low speeds and, therefore, low Reynolds numbers (Re) and pronounced viscous effects. The investigated low-Re flows include both transitional and turbulent zones, laminar separation bubbles (LSBs), flow separation, as well as rotating wakes, which require somewhat specific approaches to flow modeling (advanced turbulence models, fine spatial and temporal scales, etc). Here, the conducted computations (around stationary blade segments as well as rotating rotors), closed by different turbulence models, are presented and explained. Various qualitative and quantitative results are provided, compared and discussed. The main possibilities and obstacles of each computational approach are mentioned. Where possible, numerical results are validated against experimental data. The correspondence between the two sets of results can be considered satisfactory (relative differences for the thrust coefficient amount to 15%, while they are even lower for the torque coefficient). It can be concluded that the choice of turbulence modeling (and/or resolving) greatly affects the final output, even in design operating conditions (at medium angles-of-attack where laminar, attached flow dominates). Distinctive flow phenomena still exist, and in order to be adequately simulated, a comprehensive modeling approach should be adopted

Towards viable flow simulations of small-scale rotors and blade segments

The paper focuses on the possibilities of adequately simulating complex flow fields that appear around small-scale propellers of multicopter aircraft. Such unmanned air vehicles (UAVs) are steadily gaining popularity for their diverse applications (surveillance, communication, deliveries, etc.) and the need for a viable (i.e. usable, satisfactory, practical) computational tool is also surging. From an engineering standpoint, it is important to obtain sufficiently accurate predictions of flow field variables in a reasonable amount of time so that the design process can be fast and efficient, in particular the subsequent structural and flight mechanics analyses. That is why more or less standard fluid flow models, e.g. Reynolds-averaged Navier—Stokes (RANS) equations solved by the finite volume method (FVM), are constantly being employed and validated. On the other hand, special attention must be given to various flow peculiarities occurring around the blade segments shaped like airfoils since these flows are characterized by small chords (length-scales), low speeds and, therefore, low Reynolds numbers (Re) and pronounced viscous effects. The investigated low-Re flows include both transitional and turbulent zones, laminar separation bubbles (LSBs), flow separation, as well as rotating wakes, which require somewhat specific approaches to flow modeling (advanced turbulence models, fine spatial and temporal scales, etc). Here, the conducted computations (around stationary blade segments as well as rotating rotors), closed by different turbulence models, are presented and explained. Various qualitative and quantitative results are provided, compared and discussed. The main possibilities and obstacles of each computational approach are mentioned. Where possible, numerical results are validated against experimental data. The correspondence between the two sets of results can be considered satisfactory (relative differences for the thrust coefficient amount to 15%, while they are even lower for the torque coefficient). It can be concluded that the choice of turbulence modeling (and/or resolving) greatly affects the final output, even in design operating conditions (at medium angles-of-attack where laminar, attached flow dominates). Distinctive flow phenomena still exist, and in order to be adequately simulated, a comprehensive modeling approach should be adopted