Static Ricci-flat 5-manifolds admitting the 2-sphere

We examine, in a purely geometrical way, static Ricci-flat 5-manifolds admitting the 2-sphere and an additional hypersurface-orthogonal Killing vector. These are widely studied in the literature, from different physical approaches, and known variously as the Kramer - Gross - Perry - Davidson - Owen solutions. The 2-fold infinity of cases that result are studied by way of new coordinates (which are in most cases global) and the cases likely to be of interest in any physical approach are distinguished on the basis of the nakedness and geometrical mass of their associated singularities. It is argued that the entire class of solutions has to be considered unstable about the exceptional solutions: the black string and soliton cases. Any physical theory which admits the non-exceptional solutions as the external vacuua of a collapsing object has to accept the possibility of collapse to zero volume leaving behind the weakest possible, albeit naked, geometrical singularities at the origin.Finally, it is pointed out that these types of solutions generalize, in a straightforward way, to higher dimensions.Comment: Generalize, in a straightforward way, to higher dimension

A phase II trial of paclitaxel and epirubicin in advanced breast cancer

Initial trials of paclitaxel and doxorubicin in advanced breast cancer yielded high response rates but significant cardiac toxicity was observed. In this phase II trial we investigated the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel combined with epirubicin. Patients with advanced breast cancer, performance status 0–2, measurable disease, and a normal left ventricular ejection fraction, who may have received adjuvant chemotherapy were treated with epirubicin 75 mg m–2followed by a 3-h infusion of paclitaxel 175 mg m–2repeated every 3 weeks. Forty-three eligible patients were treated at six centres. 67% patients received the maximum of six cycles. The response rate was 54% (95% CI 38–69%), 12% CR and 42% PR. Estimated median progression-free survival was 6.9 months (95% CI 5.4–10.0) and estimated median overall survival was 17.9 months (95% CI 14.2–25.7). Four patients had a decrease in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) of ≥20% of baseline value, and in two patients the LVEF decreased to below the lower limit of normal, but no patient developed clinical evidence of cardiac failure. Grade 4 neutropenia occurred in 56% cycles, but only 4% of cycles were complicated by febrile neutropenia. Grade 3 or 4 non-haematologic toxicity was uncommon. In conclusion, paclitaxel 175 mg m–2and epirubicin 75 mg m–2is a well tolerated, promising regimen for the treatment of advanced breast cancer. © 2000 Cancer Research Campaig

Trouble at the top: The construction of a tenant identity in the governance of social housing organizations

The project of citizen governance has transformed the social housing sector in England where 20,000 tenants now sit as directors on the boards of housing associations, but the entrance of social housing tenants to the boardroom has aroused opposition from the chief executives of housing companies and triggered regulatory intervention from government inspectors. This paper investigates the cause of these tensions through a theoretical framework drawn from the work of feminist philosopher Judith Butler. It interprets housing governance as an identificatory project with the power to constitute tenant directors as regulated subjects, and presents evidence to suggest that this project of identity fails to completely enclose its subject, allowing tenant directors to engage in ‘identity work’ that threatens the supposed unity of the board. The paper charts the development of antagonism and political tension in the board rooms of housing companies to present an innovative account of the construction and contestation of identities in housing governance

On the shopfloor: exploring the impact of teacher trade unions on school-based industrial relations

Teachers are highly unionised workers and their trade unions exert an important influence on the shaping and implementation of educational policy. Despite this importance there is relatively little analysis of the impact of teacher trade unions in educational management literature. Very little empirical research has sought to establish the impact of teacher unions at school level. In an era of devolved management and quasi-markets this omission is significant. New personnel issues continue to emerge at school level and this may well generate increased trade union activity at the workplace. This article explores the extent to which devolved management is drawing school-based union representation into a more prominent role. It argues that whilst there can be significant differences between individual schools, increased school autonomy is raising the profile of trade union activity in the workplace, and this needs to be better reflected in educational management research

Luxury-focused carbon taxation improves fairness of climate policy

Equitable climate policies are required for a just and rapid energy transition. A widely discussed climate policy instrument is carbon taxes. Previous studies of the distributional implications of carbon taxation focused on uniform carbon taxes across sectors. Differentiated tax rates across goods and services received less attention. Here we model an alternative carbon tax design accounting for the distribution of household consumption and carbon footprints across 88 countries covering the global north and south. The policy distinguishes luxury and basic consumption and sets higher carbon prices for luxury. The policy reduces yearly global household emissions by 6% compared with no policy and inequalities are reduced compared with no policy and compared with a uniform carbon tax. By 2050, the policy saves around 100 gigatonnes carbon dioxide equivalents, which is 75% of what is needed for households to remain within a 2° consistent climate pathway

Relativistic MHD and black hole excision: Formulation and initial tests

A new algorithm for solving the general relativistic MHD equations is described in this paper. We design our scheme to incorporate black hole excision with smooth boundaries, and to simplify solving the combined Einstein and MHD equations with AMR. The fluid equations are solved using a finite difference Convex ENO method. Excision is implemented using overlapping grids. Elliptic and hyperbolic divergence cleaning techniques allow for maximum flexibility in choosing coordinate systems, and we compare both methods for a standard problem. Numerical results of standard test problems are presented in two-dimensional flat space using excision, overlapping grids, and elliptic and hyperbolic divergence cleaning.Comment: 22 pages, 8 figure

Transgressing the moral economy: Wheelerism and management of the nationalised coal industry in Scotland

This article illuminates the links between managerial style and political economy in post-1945 Britain, and explores the origins of the 1984–1985 miners' strike, by examining in longer historical context the abrasive attitudes and policies of Albert Wheeler, Scottish Area Director of the National Coal Board (NCB). Wheeler built on an earlier emphasis on production and economic criteria, and his micro-management reflected pre-existing centralising tendencies in the industries. But he was innovative in one crucial aspect, transgressing the moral economy of the Scottish coalfield, which emphasised the value of economic security and changes by joint industrial agreement