Model of Electrostatic Actuated Deformable Mirror Using Strongly Coupled Electro-Mechanical Finite Element

The aim of this paper is to deal with multi-physics simulation of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) based on an advanced numerical methodology. MEMS are very small devices in which electric as well as mechanical and fluid phenomena appear and interact. Because of their microscopic scale, strong coupling effects arise between the different physical fields, and some forces, which were negligible at macroscopic scale, have to be taken into account. In order to accurately design such micro-electro-mechanical systems, it is of primary importance to be able to handle the strong coupling between the electric and the mechanical fields. In this paper, the finite element method (FEM) is used to model the strong coupled electro-mechanical interactions and to perform static and transient analyses taking into account large mesh displacements. These analyses will be used to study the behaviour of electrostatically actuated micro-mirrors.Comment: Submitted on behalf of TIMA Editions (http://irevues.inist.fr/tima-editions

Unilateral interactions in granular packings: A model for the anisotropy modulus

Unilateral interparticle interactions have an effect on the elastic response of granular materials due to the opening and closing of contacts during quasi-static shear deformations. A simplified model is presented, for which constitutive relations can be derived. For biaxial deformations the elastic behavior in this model involves three independent elastic moduli: bulk, shear, and anisotropy modulus. The bulk and the shear modulus, when scaled by the contact density, are independent of the deformation. However, the magnitude of the anisotropy modulus is proportional to the ratio between shear and volumetric strain. Sufficiently far from the jamming transition, when corrections due to non-affine motion become weak, the theoretical predictions are qualitatively in agreement with simulation results.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figure

The closest elastic tensor of arbitrary symmetry to an elasticity tensor of lower symmetry

The closest tensors of higher symmetry classes are derived in explicit form for a given elasticity tensor of arbitrary symmetry. The mathematical problem is to minimize the elastic length or distance between the given tensor and the closest elasticity tensor of the specified symmetry. Solutions are presented for three distance functions, with particular attention to the Riemannian and log-Euclidean distances. These yield solutions that are invariant under inversion, i.e., the same whether elastic stiffness or compliance are considered. The Frobenius distance function, which corresponds to common notions of Euclidean length, is not invariant although it is simple to apply using projection operators. A complete description of the Euclidean projection method is presented. The three metrics are considered at a level of detail far greater than heretofore, as we develop the general framework to best fit a given set of moduli onto higher elastic symmetries. The procedures for finding the closest elasticity tensor are illustrated by application to a set of 21 moduli with no underlying symmetry.Comment: 48 pages, 1 figur

Third-order elastic solution of the stress field around a wellbore

Within a certain range of strain, consolidated granular materials may be characterized as nonlinear elastic solids. The nonlinearity can be easily observed by examining the effect of stress on the acoustical properties of the material. Ignoring damage evolution and failure that occur in higher strains and the hysteretic behavior due to intercyranular friction, the material can be modeled as a nonlinear hyperelastic solid. A simple example of such a model is formulating the strain energy as a third-order polynomial of the strain invariants. This model is limited in the sense that the material is assumed to be isotropic with respect to the stress free state, and that the mechanical response of the material is described by only five material constants. Nevertheless, this model is appealing because it naturally exhibits stress dependent stiffness and stress induced anisotropy, and it allows a different mechanical response to positive and negative volume changes. In this work, this model is used to calculate the stress field around a wellbore. Many well logging tools use acoustics (e.g., tube, surface, torsion, and flexural waves) to detect pore fluids and ore in the surrounding granular rock. By modeling the rock as an isotropic third-order elastic material the effects of the inhomogeneous stiffness and the stress induced anisotropy may be examined. Analysis of the tangential stress around a wellbore in an isotropic third-order elastic (TOE) material yields different results than the same analysis in the related isotropic linear elastic (LE) material (i.e., both materials have the same stiffness tensor at the stress free state). This difference modifies the far-field stress that is interpreted of from hydraulic fracturing data. The analysis in the present work is static and pore fluid effects are ignored

Modeling added compressibility of porosity and the thermomechanical response of wet porous rock

This paper concerned with modeling the response of a porous brittle solid whose pores may be dry or partially filled with fluid. A form for the Helmholtz free energy is proposed which incorporated known Mie-Grueneisen constitutive equations for the nonporous solid and for the fluid, and which uses an Eilnstein formulation with variable specific heat. In addition, a functional form for porosity is postulated which porous rock. Restrictions on constitutive assumptions for the composite of porous solid ad fluid are obtained which ensure thermodynamic consistency. Examples show that although the added compressibility of porosity is determined by fitting data for dry Mt. Helen Tuff, the predicted responses of saturated and partially saturated tuff agree well with experimental data