Renewable, ethical? Assessing the energy justice potential of renewable electricity

Energy justice is increasingly being used as a framework to conceptualize the impacts of energy decision making in more holistic ways and to consider the social implications in terms of existing ethical values. Similarly, renewable energy technologies are increasingly being promoted for their environmental and social benefits. However, little work has been done to systematically examine the extent to which, in what ways and in what contexts, renewable energy technologies can contribute to achieving energy justice. This paper assesses the potential of renewable electricity technologies to address energy justice in various global contexts via a systematic review of existing studies analyzed in terms of the principles and dimensions of energy justice. Based on publications including peer reviewed academic literature, books, and in some cases reports by government or international organizations, we assess renewable electricity technologies in both grid integrated and off-grid use contexts. We conduct our investigation through the rubric of the affirmative and prohibitive principles of energy justice and in terms of its temporal, geographic, socio-political, economic, and technological dimensions. Renewable electricity technology development has and continue to have different impacts in different social contexts, and by considering the different impacts explicitly across global contexts, including differences between rural and urban contexts, this paper contributes to identifying and understanding how, in what ways, and in what particular conditions and circumstances renewable electricity technologies may correspond with or work to promote energy justice

The influence of α-trialkylsilyloxy groups on the rate of ring opening of cyclopropylmethyl radicals

The rate of ring opening of α-trialkylsilyloxycyclopropylmethyl radicals is about ten times slower than of the cyclopropylmethyl radical at 298K.</p

Queimaduras

The EPR spectra of n-alkyl, 2-methylalkyl, 2,2-dimethylalkyl, 2,2,3-trimethylbutyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals indicate that at 90 K they exist in "rigid" conformations with respect to rotation about the C\u3b2-C\u3b3 bonds. The preferred conformations about the C\u3b1-C\u3b2 and C\u3b2-C\u3b3 bonds were deduced by analysis of the \u3b2- and \u3b3-H hyperfine splittings (hfs). 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl radicals, the only radicals with a CH3 group approximately all-trans with respect to the semioecupied p-orbital, were also the only radicals to show resolved \u3b4-hfs. The barriers to internal rotation of the methyl groups in n-propyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, 2,2-bis(trideuteriomethyl)butyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals were obtained by line shape analysis; the ethyl rotation barrier in 2,2-bis(trideuteriomethyl)butyl and the tert-butyl rotation barrier in 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals were estimated in a similar way. The experimental hfs of trans \u3b3-hydrogens were shown to fit a relationship of the form aH\u3b3t = 0.1 + 7.9 cos2 \u3a6, where \u3a6 is the dihedral angle between the SOMO and the plane through C\u3b1, C\u3b2, and C\u3b3. Trends in the internal rotation barriers of the alkyl groups were adequately accounted for in terms of steric effects.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye

Impact of time expenditure on household preferences for cooking fuels

Access to energy for cooking is one of the major challenges that rural India faces. Most of the rural households of North-Eastern India rely heavily upon fuelwood and traditional open-fire cookstoves for cooking activities. And everyday collection of fuelwood is time-consuming. Hence, women often gather fuelwood to make charcoal. While the use of charcoal has some advantages, it is not clear whether the investment of time in making charcoal is worthwhile. In this paper, we compare household time investments for fuelwood and charcoal production. The study is done using survey data on Napaam village situated in Sonitpur District of Assam, Northeast India. We developed a model to analyse fuelwood needed and time spent upon the introduction of improved cookstoves and/or charcoal production. This analysis reveals that improved cookstoves using fuelwood results in the least time expenditure on the production of cooking fuel. Whilst introducing charcoal marginally reduces the amount of fuelwood, but increases time spent on cooking, due to the time required to produce the charcoal. Hence, rural households who make their own charcoal spend more time on producing cooking fuel than those households relying on direct use of fuelwood. (C) 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

Household time requirements for producing cooking fuels in rural areas in developing nations

Fuelwood is the primary and traditional energy source for cooking mostlyin developing nations. Consumption of fuelwood depends upon climatic conditions, number of family members, geographical elevation and socio-economic conditions. Everyday collection of fuelwood is time consuming, which affects rural people, as they have to spend most of their qualitative time on it. This study focuses on three case studies from Nepal, India and Ghana. In this analysis, detailed production chains of different energy resource were prepared and then the time required for collecting, transporting and processing the wood was collected. Outcomes of the analysis show that, in both cases, just transforming wood into charcoal or briquette and burning in an open traditional cookstove is not saving wood or hours, but with intervention of improved cookstove, the demand for wood and time saves eventually