Renewable, ethical? Assessing the energy justice potential of renewable electricity

Energy justice is increasingly being used as a framework to conceptualize the impacts of energy decision making in more holistic ways and to consider the social implications in terms of existing ethical values. Similarly, renewable energy technologies are increasingly being promoted for their environmental and social benefits. However, little work has been done to systematically examine the extent to which, in what ways and in what contexts, renewable energy technologies can contribute to achieving energy justice. This paper assesses the potential of renewable electricity technologies to address energy justice in various global contexts via a systematic review of existing studies analyzed in terms of the principles and dimensions of energy justice. Based on publications including peer reviewed academic literature, books, and in some cases reports by government or international organizations, we assess renewable electricity technologies in both grid integrated and off-grid use contexts. We conduct our investigation through the rubric of the affirmative and prohibitive principles of energy justice and in terms of its temporal, geographic, socio-political, economic, and technological dimensions. Renewable electricity technology development has and continue to have different impacts in different social contexts, and by considering the different impacts explicitly across global contexts, including differences between rural and urban contexts, this paper contributes to identifying and understanding how, in what ways, and in what particular conditions and circumstances renewable electricity technologies may correspond with or work to promote energy justice

The influence of α-trialkylsilyloxy groups on the rate of ring opening of cyclopropylmethyl radicals

The rate of ring opening of α-trialkylsilyloxycyclopropylmethyl radicals is about ten times slower than of the cyclopropylmethyl radical at 298K.</p

The influence of α-trialkylsilyloxy groups on the rate of ring opening of cyclopropylmethyl radicals

The rate of ring opening of α-trialkylsilyloxycyclopropylmethyl radicals is about ten times slower than of the cyclopropylmethyl radical at 298K.</p

Conformational analysis and stereodynamics of primary acyclic alkyl radicals by EPR spectroscopy

The EPR spectra of n-alkyl, 2-methylalkyl, 2,2-dimethylalkyl, 2,2,3-trimethylbutyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals indicate that at 90 K they exist in "rigid" conformations with respect to rotation about the Cβ-Cγ bonds. The preferred conformations about the Cα-Cβ and Cβ-Cγ bonds were deduced by analysis of the β- and γ-H hyperfine splittings (hfs). 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl radicals, the only radicals with a CH3 group approximately all-trans with respect to the semioecupied p-orbital, were also the only radicals to show resolved δ-hfs. The barriers to internal rotation of the methyl groups in n-propyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, 2,2-bis(trideuteriomethyl)butyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals were obtained by line shape analysis; the ethyl rotation barrier in 2,2-bis(trideuteriomethyl)butyl and the tert-butyl rotation barrier in 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals were estimated in a similar way. The experimental hfs of trans γ-hydrogens were shown to fit a relationship of the form aHγt = 0.1 + 7.9 cos2 Φ, where Φ is the dihedral angle between the SOMO and the plane through Cα, Cβ, and Cγ. Trends in the internal rotation barriers of the alkyl groups were adequately accounted for in terms of steric effects.</p

Conformational analysis of the 2,2-dimethylbutyl radical by EPR spectroscopy

The electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectra of CH3CH2C(CH3)2CH2· and CH3CH2C(CD3)2CH2· indicate that at 95 K these radicals exist in a rigid conformation with respect to rotation about the three Cβ-Cγ bonds and that the δ-methyl group (of the ethyl moiety) is gauche to one methyl and to the CH2· group. Analysis of the γ-H hyperfine splittings indicates that in the preferred conformation about the Cα-Cβ bond the SOMO eclipses one of the γ-methyl groups, not the γ-ethyl group. The internal rotation barriers of the CD3 and ethyl groups were estimated to be ca. 4 and 6 kcal/mol from the exchange broadening in the EPR spectra at higher temperatures.</p

Queimaduras

The EPR spectra of n-alkyl, 2-methylalkyl, 2,2-dimethylalkyl, 2,2,3-trimethylbutyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals indicate that at 90 K they exist in "rigid" conformations with respect to rotation about the C\u3b2-C\u3b3 bonds. The preferred conformations about the C\u3b1-C\u3b2 and C\u3b2-C\u3b3 bonds were deduced by analysis of the \u3b2- and \u3b3-H hyperfine splittings (hfs). 2,2,3,3-Tetramethylbutyl radicals, the only radicals with a CH3 group approximately all-trans with respect to the semioecupied p-orbital, were also the only radicals to show resolved \u3b4-hfs. The barriers to internal rotation of the methyl groups in n-propyl, isobutyl, neopentyl, 2,2-bis(trideuteriomethyl)butyl, and 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals were obtained by line shape analysis; the ethyl rotation barrier in 2,2-bis(trideuteriomethyl)butyl and the tert-butyl rotation barrier in 2,2,3,3-tetramethylbutyl radicals were estimated in a similar way. The experimental hfs of trans \u3b3-hydrogens were shown to fit a relationship of the form aH\u3b3t = 0.1 + 7.9 cos2 \u3a6, where \u3a6 is the dihedral angle between the SOMO and the plane through C\u3b1, C\u3b2, and C\u3b3. Trends in the internal rotation barriers of the alkyl groups were adequately accounted for in terms of steric effects.Peer reviewed: YesNRC publication: Ye