LEXICAL FEATURES OF BORROWED VOCABULARY OF THE FORMATION PERIOD OF MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY OF DISEASES IN RUSSIA

The study complements the information about the nature of the medical term within the framework of historical terminology. Purpose. The article discusses the linguistic features of medical borrowed terms denoting human diseases. Materials and methods. The material was medical scientific texts on surgery and pharmacology of 1835-1899 editions. The analysis used lexico-semantic, etymological and word-formation analysis of vocabulary, a comparative method of linguistic research. Results. The results of the study suggest that by the nineteenth century, the Russian scientific medical terminology of diseases was finally formed in the national language. The basis of the formation are lexical units of Greek-Latin origin, there were also borrowings from Polish, French, and English. Comparative analysis of terms in different languages has shown the presence of a large number of terms-internationalisms. Translated borrowings and calculus were used in the formation of terms. The study revealed the difficulty of proving the formation of terms by calculus. The analysis of medical terms revealed semantic differences in the source language and in the recipient language, which confirms: 1) the artificial nature of the formation of the terminological system, 2) the presence of national specificity of terms denoting diseases. Thus, the results of the study show that with the unity of the laws of human cognition, an individual understanding of the world picture is manifested in each language; the names of diseases formed on the basis of the national language reflect the popular understanding of diseases. Practical implications. The factual material and conclusions of the article can be used both in terminology and in the course of medical education

Синтез производных аминокислот на основе диэтаноламина с симметричными и асимметричными радикалами в гидрофобном домене с потенциальной антимикробной активностью

Objectives. Resistance to antibiotics and other antimicrobial drugs is an acute problem in the world today. Therefore, the chemical and pharmaceutical industries are still in search of new antibacterial agents that can overcome the resistance of pathogenic bacterial strains. To date, it has been established that molecules with antimicrobial activity must have an amphiphilic nature, a small size, one or more positive charges, and the required degree of hydrophobicity, that is, a significant hydrophilic–lipophilic balance (HLB) value. Some examples of such structures are antimicrobial peptides or peptidomimetics. This study aimed to develop a universal scheme for synthesizing several amino acid derivatives based on diethanolamine diesters with symmetric and asymmetric radicals in a hydrophobic block and potential antibacterial activity.Methods. The progression of chemical reactions was analyzed using thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on Sorbfil plates. The obtained compounds were isolated and purified using preparative TLC on Kieselgel (Merck) 60 F254 plates and column chromatography on Merck silica gel 0.040–0.063 mm. The TLC method was used to detect substances using a 3% ninhydrin solution, followed by heating to 70 °C. The structures of the obtained compounds were confirmed by hydrogen-1 nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopy on a Bruker WM-300 pulse NMR spectrometer, with hexamethyldisiloxane serving as the internal standard.Results. The HLB values of the diethanolamine derivatives were calculated, and samples were selected for subsequent synthesis. A scheme was developed for preparing amino acid derivatives based on diethanolamine diesters with symmetric and asymmetric radicals in the hydrophobic domain, and five new compounds were synthesized. The hydrophilic blocks of these compounds included residues of amino acids such as glycine, β-alanine, L-ornithine, and L-lysine.Conclusions. The potential antimicrobial activity of the synthesized peptidomimetics was assessed by their HLB values using the ACD/Labs Log P program. New amphiphiles were synthesized using amino acids and diethanolamine, and their structures were confirmed by 1H NMR spectroscopy data. The synthesized compounds were prepared for antibacterial activity analysis.Цели. Резистентность к антибиотикам и другим антимикробным препаратам является острой проблемой современности. Поиск новых антибактериальных агентов, преодолевающих резистентность патогенных штаммов бактерий, является востребованным в химико-фармацевтической промышленности. На сегодняшний день известно, что молекулы, обладающие антимикробной активностью, должны быть амфифильной природы, иметь небольшой размер, нести один или несколько положительных зарядов, а также обладать необходимой степенью гидрофобности, выраженной величиной гидрофильно-липофильного баланса. Такими структурами могут выступать антимикробные пептиды или пептидомиметики. Целью данного исследования была разработка универсальной схемы и проведение синтеза ряда производных аминокислот на основе диэфиров диэтаноламина с симметричными и асимметричными радикалами в гидрофобном блоке с потенциальной антибактериальной активностью.Методы. Анализ химических реакций, выделение и очистку полученных соединений проводили с помощью тонкослойной и колоночной хроматографии. Обнаружение веществ осуществляли методом тонкослойной хроматографии с использованием нингидриновой реакции для их визуализации на пластинах. Структуры полученных соединений подтверждали методом 1Н-ЯМР спектроскопии.Результаты. Проведен расчет величин гидрофильно-липофильного баланса производных диэтаноламина и выбраны образцы для последующего синтеза. Разработаны схемы получения производных аминокислот на основе диэфиров диэтаноламина с симметричными и асимметричными радикалами в гидрофобном домене и проведен синтез пяти новых соединений, в состав гидрофильных блоков которых входят остатки таких аминокислот, как глицин, β-аланин, L-орнитин и L-лизин.Выводы. Произведена оценка потенциальной антимикробной активности синтезированных пептидомиметиков по величине их гидрофильно-липофильного баланса с помощью программы ACD/Labs Log P. Синтезированы новые амфифилы на основе аминокислот и диэтаноламина, структуры которых подтверждены данными 1H-ЯМР спектроскопии

Literature review and clinical observation of acquired idiopathic hemophilia with a new missense mutation in the factor VIII gene (His2026Arg)

The article provides review of possible mechanisms of inhibitor coagulopathies, in particular of acquired hemophilia A. This pathology is an extremely rare disease occurring in 1-2 cases in 1 million per year. In the present study we provide data for two clinical cases of hemophilia A in women. These cases had different development mechanisms, although both women have a newly discovered missense mutation His2026Arg in the VIII factor gene. The matter of main interest is the description of the disease development in the patient with an acquired idiopathic hemophilia A with a possible disease occurrence due to an asymmetric X-chromosome inactivation (lyonization). In this particular case lyonization led to the late manifestation of the hemophilia A carrier’s state and development of severe form of the inhibitor-associated acquired hemophilia A. We also discuss therapeutic approaches to these forms of the disease, considering there are no concise protocols for case management due to an extreme rarity of the pathology. Acquainting the clinical personnel working it the different areas of medicine with suchlike inhibitor coagulopathies has a major practical importance

Тетравалентный неогликоконъюгат на основе d-галактозы для целей медицины

Previously, the scheme of the preparation of a tetravalent neoglycoconjugate with the terminal residues of D-galactose and with a branching component based on D-galactose was carried out in our laboratory. It includes the synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, the synthesis of the branching scaffold and its conjugation with a hydrophilic component. This article describes the optimization of the synthesis of 1-O-azidoethyl-β-D-galactopyronaside using the change of different parameters such as temperature, solvent and reaction time. The structure of obtained glycoconjugates has potential to be capable to anti-adhesion and target delivery to certain cell group.Проведена оптимизация ранее разработанной схемы синтеза тетравалентного неогликоконъюгата с терминальными остатками D-галактозы и разветвляющей компонентой на основе D-галактозы. Структура полученных гликоконъюгатов обеспечивает им потенциальную возможность проявлять свойства антиадгезии и специфически связываться с рецепторами на определенных группах клеток

The association between <i>Candida albicans</i> sensitivity to antimycotic drugs and the architecture of their microbial community in the oropharynx of HIV infected patients

Relevance. Candida infection remains relevant due to the wide spread of antimycotic-resistant strains of Candida fungi, especially among immunocompromised individuals. It was previously discovered that the Candida spp. microbial community in the biotope of the oropharynx of HIV infected patients is characterized by a certain architecture: they can be present in this biotope in the form of a monoculture or as association of co-isolates. It has been suggested that the architecture of the Candida microbial community may influence their resistance to antimycotic drugs. Purpose a comparative study of the association between the architecture of the C. albicans microbial community in the oropharynx of HIV infected patients with oropharyngeal candidiasis and their sensitivity to antimycotic drugs. Materials and methods. A microbiological study of 52 isolates of Candida fungi (C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. tropicalis and C. krusei) from the oropharynx of 31 HIV infected patients with clinical manifestations of oropharyngeal candidiasis aged 20 to 69 years with almost equal gender distribution was carried out. In the form of monocultures, 18 isolates were isolated, while 34 were identified as co-isolates, which formed 16 homogeneous communities that included strains of the same species, and 18 heterogeneous ones that consisted of fungi of various species. Results. It was found that heterogeneous communities of C. albicans were markedly distinguished by sensitivity to antimycotic drugs, in particular, by low sensitivity to imidazoles. Homogeneous communities practically did not differ from monocultural ones. The general properties of the C. non-albicans population were largely similar to those of C. albicans, but were characterized by lower heterogeneity in response to antimycotic drugs. Conclusion. The architecture of the community of C. albicans isolated from the oropharynx of HIV infected patients with clinical manifestations of oropharyngeal candidiasis affects their sensitivity to antimycotic drugs. When selecting effective antimycotic therapy for such patients, it is necessary to take into account the structure of the Candida spp. community in the oropharynx

The structure of the oropharyngeal genus Candida fungi community in HIVinfected patients

At the present time virtually no data are available about the structure of the genus Candida fungus able to target HIV-infected patients and serve as an etiological factor of candidiasis. The aforementioned shaped the aim of the study: to examine structure of the Candida genus community colonizing the oropharynx in HIV-infected patients with clinical manifestations of oropharyngeal candidiasis. There was conducted a microbiological study of the oropharynx in 31 HIV-infected patients (51.6% males and 48.4% females) with clinical manifestations of oropharyngeal candidiasis treated at Moscow Infectious Clinic No. 2 inpatient department in the years 2015–2017. We confirmed the diversity of the oropharyngeal Candida spp. community found in HIV-infected patients. Total 52 isolates of the genus Candida were isolated. C. albicans dominated in 57.7% cases, whereas C. glabrata prevailed (21.1%) among non-albicans species. Minor components were represented by C. tropicalis (11.5%) and C. krusei (9.6%). C. albicans and C. glabrata were sensitive to polyenes, whereas minor community components — to itroconazole and clotrimazole. The vast majority of fungal strains were resistant to fluconazole. The genus Candida community reveals a unique architecture so that any member may exist in the oropharyngeal biotope of HIV-infected patients as a monoculture or in association: homogeneous, consisting of a single species strains, or heterogeneous, formed by several species. Candida fungi in 18 patients (58.1%) were isolated as a monoculture, whereas in 13 (41.9%) subjects — in association consisting of 34 isolates (65.4% of total number), of which 16 (30.8%) and 18 (34.6%) were isolated from homogeneous and heterogeneous associations, respectively. There were identified 9 two-component associations (69.2%), and 4 (30.8%) consisting of three or more components. It turned out that pattern of the examined community was mainly determined by species composition that agrees with previous data. Most common associations were presented by C. krusei (100%) and C. albicans (73.3%). Upon that, most often C. albicans (72.7%) formed a homogeneous type of associations. Sensitivity of Candida fungi to antimycotic drugs also depended on the architecture of related community. C. albicans isolates in heterogeneous associations revealed a wide range of resistance acquired by contact with non-albicans species

ANTIARRHYTHMIC ACTION OF CARDIOCYTOPROTECTORS IN TREATMENT OF ISCHEMIC HEART DISEASE WITH VENTRICULAR ARRHYTHMIAS

It is known that ventricular dysrhythmias in patients  with ischemic heart  diasease can be of various origin. Hence selection of antiarrhythmic tactics in such patients should be individual and pathogenetically proved.Aim. To check  antiarrhythmic  abilities of metabolic  therapy  for ischemic  heart disease  combined   with variety  of  ventricular  arrhythmias  of  III-IV  grades   (by Myerburg RJ).Material and methods. for 42 patients with ventricular arrhythmias of high grade and stable ischemic heart disease with saved ejection fraction of the left ventricle, before and after treatment were done the following: Holter monitoring, treadmill test, and  as  indicated  — coronary  arteriography,  radionuclide  methods  of perfusion assessment and metabolism  of myocardium, non-invasive topical diagnostics. To individually selected antianginal and antihypertension  therapy  for all patients  was added  ethylmethylhydroxypyridine succinate  (es) in daily dosage 300 mg, for 2 months.Results. During the study, according  to relationship of ventricular arrhythmia with transient ischemia, patients were selected to 2 groups. In the 1 group, with ischemic arrhythmias,  in 2 months  after  start  of es, there  was significant antiarrhythmic effect: number of single ventricular premature beats decreased by 55%, couplets — by 90%,  and  episodes of non-sustained ventricular tachicardia  — by 100%.  At control positrone-emisson tomography  in the areas  of myocardial ischemia  there was significant increase of 11C-buthirate  sodium excretion,  which witness on the increase of efficacy of energetic metabolism in zones of hypoxia. In the II group, with non-ischemic  ventricular arrhythmias — antiarrhythmic effect was not achieved. Conclusion. es should be regarded as pathogenetic chain in complex antiarrhythmic treatment of ventricular arrhythmias in patients with stable ischemic heart disease

Tetravalent neoglycoсonjugate based on the d-galactose for medicine purposes

Previously, the scheme of the preparation of a tetravalent neoglycoconjugate with the terminal residues of D-galactose and with a branching component based on D-galactose was carried out in our laboratory. It includes the synthesis of hydrophilic and hydrophobic components, the synthesis of the branching scaffold and its conjugation with a hydrophilic component. This article describes the optimization of the synthesis of 1-O-azidoethyl-β-D-galactopyronaside using the change of different parameters such as temperature, solvent and reaction time. The structure of obtained glycoconjugates has potential to be capable to anti-adhesion and target delivery to certain cell group

Changes of myocardial dysfunction and injury biomarkers over chemotherapy for multiple myeloma: difficulties in laboratory data interpretation

Aim. To study the changes of the levels of cardiac biomarkers (N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitivity troponin I (hsTnI)) in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) during programmatic treatment with bortezomib (VCd regimen).Material and methods. This prospective pilot study included patients with a newly diagnosed MM (n=30), who were scheduled for a cycle of chemotherapy including a proteasome inhibitor (bortezomib). All patients underwent standard laboratory (complete blood count, biochemical tests, serum protein electrophoresis), electrocardiography, echocardiography, as well as the level of specific laboratory markers of myocardial dysfunction (NT-proBNP) and injury (hsTnI) was determined immediately before treatment, after 3 and 6 cycles of chemotherapy.Results. The mean age was 63,8±10 years with a slight predominance of men (56,7%, n=17). The patients initially had an increased level of NT-proBNP (316 [75,9; 602,6] pg/mL) with its decrease to 144,0 [102,3; 294,0] pg/ml after 3 cycles and to 109,2 [59,9; 344,5] pg/ml after 6 cycles of chemotherapy. At the MM onset, the mean hsTnI values were 0,06 [0,03; 0,49] ng/mL, whereas after 3 and 6 chemotherapy cycles it accounted for 0,02 [0,01-0,68] and 0,65 [0,02; 1,51] ng/ml, respectively, with the normal range of less than 0,1 ng/ml. Despite this, no statistical significance has been obtained. There were no clinical and/or laboratory signs of heart failure, ischemia, or other non-cardiac causes of elevated NT-proBNP levels in this cohort. Multivariate regression analysis revealed the following significant factors influencing the initial hsTnI level: paraprotein, hemoglobin and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR). The resulting regression model was characterized by a strong correlation (r=0,702, p&lt;0,001).Conclusion. MM and its pathogenetic features such as paraproteinemia may be challenging for NT-proBNP and hsTnI levels assessment in group of interest before treatment. An unreliable assessment of these markers before chemotherapy may lead to incorrect baseline cardiovascular risk stratification and make it difficult for a cardiologist/cardio-oncologist to choose proper management strategy