Permanent Campaigning: A Meta-Analysis and Framework for Measurement

Permanent campaigning emerged as a concept in the 1970s in studies of US politics but is now recognized as a universal phenomenon. Despite its long history, there has been no attempt to build a holistic picture of the elements that constitute a permanent campaign. Generally, researchers focus on tactical elements, situating their use within an overall strategy, but there is a lack of a broader methodological framework for holistically measuring adherence to the permanent campaigning. This article presents results of a meta-analysis of relevant research to provide a framework to understand how permanent campaigning is practiced. Our study showed there were three reasonably discrete forms of campaigning activities that had been identified: those in which permanent campaign strategies are related to capacity building and strategy; a second, in which permanent campaigning relates to paid and owned media; and a third in which earned media is the main focus. In mapping these studies, we identify the common features of permanent campaigning, identifying strong and weak indicators and the extent these are employed by the government, parties, or elected representatives and within which political systems: parliamentarism or presidentialism. Our framework can be applied in future comparative research to understand trends in political communication

The technological and health-promoting functionality of dough fermentation process - tradition and scientific progress

W procesie produkcji pieczywa wyróżniamy dwie fermentacje: alkoholową, z udziałem drożdży oraz fermentację mlekową (homo i heterofermentację), za którą odpowiedzialne są bakterie kwasu mlekowego. Proces fermentacji niesie ze sobą wiele korzyści technologicznych i prozdrowotnych. Ditlenek węgla (CO2), powstający w fermentacji alkoholowej, umożliwia rozrost ciasta i warunkuje porowatość miękiszu. Natomiast produkty metabolizmu bakterii fermentacji mlekowej, głównie: kwas mlekowy i kwas octowy, wpływają na cechy smakowo-zapachowe gotowego wyrobu, a także przedłużają trwałość pieczywa. Zastosowanie w produkcji piekarskiej probiotycznych kultur starterowych bakterii mlekowych i drożdży podwyższa wartość odżywczą produktu oraz wywiera pozytywny wpływ na organizm człowieka.During breadmaking process there are two fermentations: ethanol fermentation, which is leaded by yeast, and lactic acid fermentation (homo- and heterofermentation) leaded by lactic acid bacteria. The fermentation process brings many technological and health benefits. Carbon dioxide, produced in alcohol fermentation, makes possible growth of the dough and conditions porosity of bread crumb. However methabolites of lactic acid bacteria like lactic acid and acetic acid, influence on taste and flavour of bread and make its shelf live longer. Using probiotic starter cultures of lactic acid bacteria and yeast in breadmaking process makes higher the nutrition facts and influences positively on human organism

Problem of elastic interaction between an annular thick plate and elastic stratum

A solution to the contact pressure problem, bending moments and displacements of an axisymmetrically loaded thick annular transversely isotropic plate resting without friction on a transversely or granular half-space is presented in the paper. No singularity occurs in the contact pressure because the extensional deformation of the plate is taken into consideration. An approximate solution to the resulting integral equation is obtained using an effective numerical procedure. To assess the effects of anisotropy of the plate response, numerical results are obtained for three materials: magnesium which is nearly isotropic; cadmium, which is moderately anisotropic; and graphite epoxy, which is highly anisotropic and the supporting half-space is modelled as granular material, like soil. The results are presented graphically.Zagadnienie sprężystego oddziaływania między pierścieniową grubą płytą i sprężystym podłożem. Otrzymano wzory dla naprężeń kontaktowych, momentów zginających i przemieszczeń osiowo symetrycznie obciążonej pierścieniowej płyty poprzecznie izotropowej, która kontaktuje się bez tarcia z poprzecznie izotropowym lub ziarnistym podłożem. Naprężenia kontaktowe nie wykazują osobliwości, dzięki temu, że uwzględniono odkształcenia wywołane ściskaniem płyty. Równanie całkowe zagadnienia rozwiązano w sposób przybliżony za pomocą efektywnego numerycznego algorytmu. Wyniki przedstawiono na wykresach

An impact of frequency on capacitances of partially-depleted SOI MOSFETs

A non-quasi-static model of partially-depleted SOI MOSFETs is presented. Phenomena, which are particularly responsible for dependence of device admittances on frequency are briefly described. Several C-V characteristics of the SOI MOSFET calculated for a wide range of frequencies, preliminary results of numerical analysis and of measurements and brief analysis of the results are presented. Methods of model improvement are proposed

Hiatus hernia – Late complication after gastrectomy followed by double tract reconstruction (DTR): a case report

In patients with dyspeptic symptoms who have been treated for gastric cancer, other medical conditions apart from cancer recurrence should be considered. A long small-bowel loop left after esophagogastric anastomosis, flaccid diaphragmatic crura, and several external factors such as hard physical exertion can promote the development of postoperative hiatus hernia. The authors of this paper present a rare case of hiatus hernia considered a late complication of primary surgery performed due to gastric cancer. The 63-year-old patient had undergone total gastrectomy with double tract reconstruction (DTR) six years earlier. Gastrectomy was performed with extended lymphadenectomy (>D2). Histopathologic examination of tumor specimens showed mucinous adenocarcinoma with no lymph node metastasis and no distant metastases (pathologic staging: pT2, pN0, pM0). After six years, the patient was admitted to the 2nd Department of General and Gastroenterologic Surgery with abdominal pains, malaise, weight loss and feeling of fullness after small meals. Diagnostic procedures performed showed the presence of hiatus hernia, a very rare complication after this particular surgery, with no features of cancer recurrence. The patient was underwent surgery and the hernia was successfully repaired

New Pharmaceutical Salts of Trazodone

New pharmaceutically acceptable salts of trazodone (trazodone hydrogen bromide and trazodone 1-hydroxy-2-naphthonic acid) for the treatment of central nervous system disorders are synthesized and described. Although trazodone salts are poorly crystalline, single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for trazodone 1-hydroxy-2-naphthonic acid were collected and analyzed as well as compared to the previously described crystal structure of commercially available trazodone hydrochloride. The powder samples of all new salts were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and 13C solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Spectroscopic studies were supported by gauge including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) calculations of carbon chemical shielding constants. The main goal of our research was to find salts with better physicochemical properties and to make an attempt to associate them with both the anion structure and the most prominent interactions exhibited by the protonated trazodone cation. The dissolution profiles of trazodone from tablets prepared from various salts with lactose monohydrate were investigated. The studies revealed that salts with simple anions show a fast release of the drug while the presence of more complex anion, more strongly interacting with the cation, effects a slow-release profile of the active substance and can be used for the preparation of the tables with a delay or prolonged mode of action

Immunohistochemical Fascin-1 expression correlate with lymph node and distant metastases in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma

Introduction: Pancreatic cancer is characterized by its aggressiveness and poor prognosis. Furthermore, mortality is one of the highest among all types of cancers. It has been observed that the expression of Fascin-1 (the actin-bundling protein which enables the motility of cells) is higher in cancer cells and is correlated with invasiveness and metastasis. Purpose: To investigate the expression of Fascin-1 in histopathological specimens from patients treated for pancreatic cancer and its relationship with histopathological parameters. Materials and methods: The study was performed on a group of 52 patients diagnosed with pancreatic cancer in the Medical University of Bialystok Clinical Hospital. The expression of Fascin-1 was evaluated in tissue samples using the immunohistochemical method and was rated as “present” or “absent”. The analysis of histopathological parameters was performed in correlation with Fascin-1 expression. Results: Fascin-1 expression was observed in the cytoplasm of cancer cells in 42/52 cases (80.8%). Fascin-1 expression occurred more frequently among patients with lymph node metastases (92.6%) than without this type of metastases (68%) (p=0.024). Likewise, the expression of the investigated protein was observed more often with the presence of distant metastases (100%) than without those metastases (74.4%) (p=0.043). There were no statistically significant differences about age, sex, histological type of cancer, grade of histological differentiation, desmoplasia, inflammatory infiltration, foci of hemorrhage, necrosis, and MVD. Conclusion: The expression of Fasicn-1 is correlated with the presence of metastases and can be a useful marker of pancreatic cancer involvement