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Not AvailableGrape byproducts are a rich source of phenolics having immense medicinal properties, but usually wasted from juice/wine processing industries. The present study investigates the phenolic antioxidants and the insulinotropic effect of extracts prepared from seed, skin and stems of two red wine grape cultivars: Pusa Navarang and Merlot. Pusa Navarang cultivar has shown high amounts of total phenolics (95.8 mg/ml), flavonoids (30.5 mg/ml) and flavan - 3 - ols (21.8 mg/ml) in seed extract and total anthocyanin (4.9 mg/ml) in its skin extract as compared to Merlot cultivar. As determined using HPLC, higher amounts of catechin hydrate (14909 mg/l) and epicatechin (9299 mg/l) were observed in its seed extract, while quercetin hydrate (5849 mg/l) was abundant in its skin extract. Similarly, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and ABTS+. [2,2′ - azinobis (3 - ethylbenzothiazoline) - 6 - sulfonic acid] and DPPH. (1,1 - diphenyl - 2 - picrylhy - drazyl) radicals scavenging, were higher in its seed extract, respectively being 134.8 mg/ml of Quercetin equivalent (QE), 18.7 mM of trolox equivalent (TE) and 33.5 mM of TE. Strong correlation was obtained between FRAP and total phenolics, flavonoids and flavan - 3 - ols contents with correlation coefficients (r2) of 0.915, 0.738 and 0.838 respectively. Interestingly, there was a 2–8 fold increase in insulin secretion by isolated mice pancreatic islets at 5.5 mM and 16.5 mM glucose concentration in presence of various extracts. Overall, the seed, skin and stem byproducts of both cultivars are rich sources of phenolics and antioxidants and represent a source of new insulin secretagogues.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA selective, sensitive and robust LC-MS/MS method is reported for the determination of the residues of paraquat and diquat in various fruit matrices, including grape, apple and pomegranate. The extraction with acidified water (0.1 M HCl) at 80°C (15 min) offered superior recoveries for both analytes with a significantly lower matrix effects as compared to the extraction with acidified methanol by the methods reported in the existing literature. The optimised HPLC conditions on hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) columns, when coupled with electrospray ionisation-tandem mass spectrometry, offered their limit of quantification at 0.01 mg kg−1. The analysis on an XBridge HILIC column required a thorough optimisation of the gradient programme to induce chromatographic separation and minimise matrix effects. This was not necessary when a CORTECS HILIC column was used, which provided selective and sensitive analysis within 5 min runtime using isocratic flow. Isotopically labelled internal standards corrected the recoveries of both analytes within 70–120% (RSD < 20%). For the first time, the applications of high resolution accurate mass analysis in the ‘time of flight – multiple reaction monitoring’ mode have been demonstrated as a complementary means of targeted screening of these compounds at 0.01 mg kg−1 level. The method has a strong potential for applications in both official control and by those involved in food production for checking compliance with the EU MRLs.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAn improved liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method is reported for the determination of residues of captan ( + tetrahydrophthalimide), captafol, folpet ( + phthalimide), and iprodione in fruits and vegetables. The optimized electrospray ionization parameters (high cone gas flow, and a low desolvation temperature) did not result in degradation of target compounds, rather they provided a significant advantage over the conventional GC–MS/MS methods, which lack sensitivity and repeatability. Strategies for minimizing losses in recovery of these compounds during sample preparation included cryogenic comminution, extraction with acidified ethyl acetate or acetonitrile, and dilution of the final extract with acidified water prior to LC-MS/MS analysis. The method performance complied with the SANTE/11813/2017 guidelines, with recoveries in the range of 70–120% at the LOQ of 0.01 mg/kg across the tested matrices at various pHs. The efficiency of the method was reflected in its precision (RSDs < 10%) for incurred residues.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA novel screening and quantitation method is reported for non-target multiresidue analysis of pesticides using ultra-HPLC-quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry in spice matrices, including black pepper, cardamom, chili, coriander, cumin, and turmeric. The method involved sequential full-scan (resolution = 70,000), and variable data independent acquisition (vDIA) with nine consecutive fragmentation events (resolution = 17,500). Samples were extracted by the QuEChERS method. The introduction of an SPE-based clean-up step through hydrophilic-lipophilic-balance (HLB) cartridges proved advantageous in minimizing the false negatives. For coriander, cumin, chili, and cardamom, the screening detection limit was largely at 2 ng/g, while it was 5 ng/g for black pepper, and turmeric. When the method was quantitatively validated for 199 pesticides, the limit of quantification (LOQ) was mostly at 10 ng/g (excluding black pepper, and turmeric with LOQ = 20 ng/g) with recoveries within 70–120%, and precision-RSDs <20%. Furthermore, the method allowed the identification of suspected non-target analytes through retrospective search of the accurate mass of the compound-specific precursor and product ions. Compared to LC–MS/MS, the quantitative performance of this Orbitrap-MS method had agreements in residue values between 78–100%.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThis paper reports a sensitive and cost effective method of analysis for aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2. The sample preparation method was primarily optimised in peanuts, followed by its validation in a range of peanut-processed products and cereal (rice, corn, millets) matrices. Peanut slurry [12.5 g peanut + 12.5 mL water] was extracted with methanol: water (8:2, 100 mL), cleaned through an immunoaffinity column and thereafter measured directly by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-fluorescence (UPLC-FLD) detection, within a chromatographic runtime of 5 minutes. The use of a large volume flow cell in the FLD nullified the requirement of any post-column derivatisation and provided the lowest ever reported limits of quantification of 0.025 for B1 and G1 and 0.01 μg/kg for B2 and G2. The single laboratory validation of the method provided acceptable selectivity, linearity, recovery and precision for reliable quantifications in all the test matrices as well as demonstrated compliance with the EC 401/2006 guidelines for analytical quality control of aflatoxins in foodstuffs.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableViridin group of furano‐steroidal antibiotics are known to function as anti‐fungal and anti‐cancer agents, in addition to their roles as radio‐ and chemo‐sensitizers. Discovered in 1945 as a metabolite of Trichoderma virens , viridins continue to receive significant attention of several synthetic chemists and clinicians as a very strong PI3 kinase inhibitor. However, till date, researchers have not been able to discover a single gene that is involved in viridin biosynthesis. In this study, we present the complete gene cluster for the biosynthesis of viridin in T. virens , and provide genetic evidence of its involvement in viridin formation. Also, we show that the same cluster is present in a distantly related fungus Pseudogymnoascus destructans that causes bat white‐nose disease, which is leading to the devastation of the bat population in North America. Our findings, thus, pave not only the way for further research on the elucidation of the complete biosynthesis pathway and possible tuning of viridin production in the plant beneficial fungus Trichoderma virens , but also are expected to trigger investigations on the role of this gene cluster in pathogenicity of the devastating bat pathogen.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThe aim of the study was to screen the metabolite profile of phalsa (Grewia asiatica), an underutilized fruit crop, using liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometric analysis. A total of 50 compounds were tentatively identified based on their molecular mass and characteristic fragment ions, each with less than 5 ppm of mass error. These compounds included 21 flavonols, 2 dihydroflavonols, 7 flavones, 3 flavanols, 6 anthocyanins, 3 isoflavonoids, 2 phenolic acids, 2 flavanones, and 4 other phenolics. Flavonols were the predominant group of compounds, representing around 52.6% of the total phenolics. The paper has also discussed the potentiality of phalsa as an emerging functional food for the management of various human diseases in relation to the existing literature.Not Availabl

Multiresidue Analysis of Multiclass Plant Growth Regulators in Grapes by Liquid Chromatography/Tandem Mass Spectrometry

Not AvailableA selective and rapid multiresidue analysis method is presented for simultaneous estimation of 12 plant growth regulators (PGRs), namely, auxins (indol-3-acetic acid, indol-3-butyric acid, and naphthyl acetic acid), cytokinins (kinetin, zeatin, and 6-benzyladenine), gibberellic acid (GA3), abscisic acid, and synthetic compounds, namely, forchlorfenuron, paclobutrazole, isoprothiolane, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D) in bud sprouts and grape berries at the development stages of 2–3 and 6–8 mm diameters, which are the critical phases when exogenous application of PGRs may be necessary to achieve desired grape quality and yield. The sample preparation method involved extraction of plant material with acidified methanol (50%) by homogenization for 2 min at 15 000 rpm. The pH of the extract was enhanced up to 6 by adding ammonium acetate, followed by homogenization and centrifugation. The supernatant extract was cleaned by SPE on an Oasis HLB cartridge (200 mg, 6 cc). The final extract was measured directly by LC/MS/MS with electrospray ionization in positive mode, except for 2,4-D, GA3, and abscisic acid extracts, which required analysis in negative mode. Quantification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) was supported with full-scan mass spectrometric confirmation using “information-dependent acquisition” triggered with MRM to “enhanced product ionization” mode of the hybrid quadrupole-ion trap mass analyzer. The LOQ of the test analytes varied between 1 and 10 ng/g with associated recoveries of 80–120% and precision RSD <25% (n = 8). Significant matrixinduced signal suppression was recorded when the responses for pre- and postextraction spikes of analytes were compared; this could be resolved by using matrix-matched calibration standards. The method could successfully be applied in analyzing incurred residue samples and would, therefore, be useful in precisely deciding the necessity and dose of exogenous applications of PGRs on the basis of measured endogenous levels.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableA sensitive and accurate LC with tandem MS (MS/MS)-based method was developed and validated for the analysis of the herbicide glyphosate, its metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate after derivatization with 9-fluorenylmethyl chloroformate (FMOC-Cl) in various plant matrixes. The method also covers direct analysis of the glufosinate metabolites 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (3-MPPA) and N-acetyl-glufosinate (NAG). The homogenized samples were extracted with 0.1% formic acid in water–dichloromethane (50 + 50). The aqueous layer was derivatized with FMOC-Cl, cleaned through an HLB SPE cartridge, and determined by LC-MS/MS. The sample size, extraction solvent, sample-to-solvent ratio, derivatization conditions,and cleanup procedure were thoroughly optimized, the LOQs of glyphosate, glufosinate, and AMPA were 0.5 ng/g in grape, corn (leaf and seed), and cotton (leaf, seed, and oil) and 2 ng/g in soybean and tea. The LOQs of NAGand 3-MPPA were 50 ng/g in all the test matrixes, except tea and soybean, for which the LOQ was 100 ng/g. Inall cases, average recoveries were >80%. The method successfully performed the estimation of glyphosate in incurred corn and cotton leaf samples collected from supervised field trials.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableThis study reports qualitative profiling of the phenolic compounds in an indigenously developed purple radish genotype VRRAD-151 using ultra performance liquid chromatography with quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry. The root and leaf samples were harvested at the horticultural maturity stage of the genotype. Roots were divided into the periderm, and xylem, and the leaf samples were divided into petiole, and lamina, and these were separately extracted with methanol before the LC-MS analysis. A total of 66 compounds, including 23 flavonols, 1 dihydroflavonols, 4 flavonones, 4 flavones, 28 anthocyanins, 2 isoflavonoids, 3 phenolic acids, and 1 hydroxybenzaldehyde were putatively identified based on high resolution accurate mass analysis with the data processing through UNIFI®, which is a comprehensive compound identification software solution. An in-house developed database comprising the secondary metabolites of polyphenols was used for the screening purpose, and each phenolic compound was identified based on the detection of the precursor ion, and at least one characteristic fragment ion, each with less than 5 ppm of mass error. Anthocyanins were the most abundant type of phenolics exhibiting 59% in leaf petiole, 80% in root periderm, and 90% in root xylem. The relative concentration of anthocyanins was lower (11%) in the leaf lamina. Cyanidins were the most predominant anthocyanins accounting for 54, 100, 90 and 65%, in leaf lamina, leaf petiole, root periderm and root xylem, respectively. Eight anthocyanins and 25 flavonols (except kaempferol-3-O-p-coumaryl-shophoroside-7-O-glucoside) are tentatively new identifications and reported for the first time in radish. Flavonols were found to be the predominant group of phenolic compounds in the leaf lamina, and interestingly, the gradient of antioxidant activity followed the (relative) concentration gradient of flavonols in the samples. The relative antioxidant activity of various fractions when compared with each other, followed the trend: leaf lamina > root periderm > leaf petiole ≈ root xylem. Based on the results it can be reflected that this genotype can be utilized as a functional food for management of various human and animal diseases. Since the detected anthocyanins were mostly present in acylated forms, this genotype can function as a potential source of stable natural colorants.Not Availabl