Special aspects of development of business in the knowledge-based economy

The article deals with the questions of development of the theory of business in the knowledge-based economy or information economy and substantiates the new direction of research of questions, connected with the category "business", from positions of the information components influencing it. © IDOSI Publications, 2013

Growth rate of thyroid gland in human fetus

Objectives to determine the thyroid gland growth rate in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis. Material and methods. The thyroid glands of 60 male and female fetuses aged from 14 to 27 weeks were the subject of this research. The material was divided according to fetus age in three groups: Group I from 14 to 18 weeks, Group II from 19 to 22 weeks and Group III from 23 to 27 weeks. Results. The study revealed the increase in all dimensions of thyroid gland related to the increase of fetus age. During the intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis, the growth varied from 19% (for the anteroposterior isthmus size) to 59% (for the right lobe height). The thyroid gland growth rate for different sex groups varied between 24% and 60% in female fetuses, in male fetuses from 20% to 57%. Besides, the thyroid lobes and isthmus of female fetuses grew at a higher rate than those of the male fetuses. The uneven growth of the anatomical structure was also registered when comparing different age groups within the intermediate fetal period. The highest rate of thyroid gland growth was observed starting from the 22nd week of fetal life; until the 19th week the growth rate ranged between 7% (isthmus) and 25% (right lobe). The study of the thyroid gland growth rate in female and male fetuses in different age groups revealed identical tendencies involving the active growth of thyroid gland dimensions starting from the 22nd week

Formation of larynx topographic-anatomic relations with neck organs and structures in the intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis

Objectivesto present topographic and anatomic characteristics of the larynx relationship with neck organs and structures in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis. Material and methods.The study included 85 organocomplexes of the fetuses neck of both sexes, from the 14th to the 27th week of development. The study material was divided into 2 age periods: the first group fetuses aged 1420 weeks; the second group 2127 weeks. The classical morphological techniques were used: (macromicroscopic preparation, modified method of saw cuts according to N.I. Pirogov, histotopographic method). Results.Larynx syntopy with thyroid gland, cervical esophagus, thymus, submandibular glands was described in detail. Larynx skeletotopy with incisurae jugularis sterni, cervical vertebrae, hyoid bone, mandible was described quantitatively. Conclusion.The data, obtained as a result of the study, supplement the data on the topographic anatomy of larynx and some neck organs and structures in the prenatal period of human ontogenesis. The revealed formation features of larynx and other neck organs and structures topography can be used in the study of intravital anatomy

Use of continuous medical and pharmaceutical education system for cancer alertness formation in practice of otorhinolaryngologists of the Orenburg region

Objectives - to present practical application issues of distance education technologies in the training of health workers for the additional professional development program "Cancer alertness issues in practice of otorhinolaryngologists". The relevance of the program development and implementation in the Orenburg region is of particular importance, due to the fact that the regional cancer morbidity rate exceeds the average value in Russia. Results. The professional development program was prepared by the teaching staff of the Otorhinolaryngology Department of the Orenburg State Medical University and is meant for specialists certificated in "Otorhinolaryngology", "General Medical Practice (Family Medicine)". The program includes training materials, entry level tests that allow determining the specialists' initial knowledge level in the issues of early detection of ENT-organs malignant neoplasms, and the final progress check. Conclusion. The program allows doctors-otorhinolaryngologists to increase the professional competencies level in the field of malignant neoplasms cancer alertness; it was implemented in the education and information environment of the university on the basis of the "1C: Educational Organization" platform at the beginning of this year

Production of polyclonal antibodies and development of fluorescence polarization immunoassay for sulfanilamide

N-sulfanil-4-aminobutyric acid (SAB), which mimics common parts of the sulfonamides' structure, was synthesized and used to produce antibodies to sulfanilamide. Rabbit polyclonal antibodies have been raised using SAB conjugates with ovalbumin (OVA) or soybean trypsin inhibitor (STI). The immunogen based on SAB-STI could yield higher affinity anitbodies against sulfanilamide. The same SAB derivative was used for synthesis of a fluorescein-labeled tracer with fluorescein-thiocarbamyl ethylendiamine. A fluorescence polarization immunoassay (FPIA) for sulfanilamide was developed. The limits of detection sulfanilamide were 0.07, 0.10, and 0.07 μg mL -1 for water, diluted milk, and precipitated milk samples, respectively. The developed FPIA exhibited sensitivities below the respective maximal residue limits (MRLs) for individual sulfonamides (0.1 μg mL -1). The coefficients of variation of results for milk samples were lower than 5%. Total time for simple sample pretreatment and measurement is about 10 min for one sample. High cross-reactivity with sulfaguanidine (96%), sulfamethoxypyridazine (75%), and sulfachloropyridazine (28%), which have planar structures, could be suitable for simultaneous detection of these sulfa drugs in milk and developed fluorescence polarization immunoassay could be classified as a group-selective assay. Copyright © Taylor & Francis, Inc

Блок проведения возбуждения по периферическому нерву как электрофизиологический феномен: обзор литературы

Evaluation and interpretation of electrophysiological phenomena often plays an important role in the diagnosis of neuromuscular diseases. Motor nerve conduction block is a reduction of either amplitude or area of the compound motor action potential elicited by proximal to distal motor nerve stimulation. Today, the value of conduction block in the diagnosis of demyelinating and axonal neuropathies, as well as the diagnostic criteria for these disorders, are still under discussion.Objective of the review of the literature is to highlight the value of conduction block as an electrophysiological phenomenon in the light of clinical manifestations. There is no consensus in the literature which motor response parameters should be used as partial conduction block criteria. The diversity of pathogenic forms in which conduction block can be registered does not allow to consider the phenomenon as a sign of only demyelinating lesions, and the term conduction block should be considered as a pure electrophysiological phenomenon. Different pathophysiological mechanisms of conduction block formation should be studied separately within each nosology. Conduction block detection does not allow to specify a particular diagnosis, however, in conjunction with clinical and anamnestic data, it may be the main argument in the diagnosis of a number of peripheral nerves diseases.Блок проведения – электрофизиологический феномен снижения амплитуды или площади моторного ответа при стимуляции в проксимальной точке относительно дистального ответа. Сегодня продолжается обсуждение значения блока проведения в диагностике демиелинизирующих и аксональных нейропатий, а также критериев диагностики состояний, при которых регистрируется этот феномен.Цель обзора литературы – осветить тему блока проведения по нерву как электрофизиологического феномена в свете клинических проявлений, для определения его роли в диагностике ряда болезней периферических нервов. В литературе нет единого мнения, какие параметры моторного ответа следует использовать в качестве критериев частичного блока проведения. Разнообразие патогенетических форм, при которых можно обнаружить блок проведения, не позволяет рассматривать этот феномен как признак исключительно демиелинизирующего поражения нервов. Общие и частные патофизиологические механизмы формирования блока проведения при разных нейропатиях необходимо изучать отдельно в рамках каждой нозологической формы. Нозологическая неспецифичность блока приведения не позволяет судить о диагнозе, тем не менее в совокупности с клиническими и анамнестическими данными обнаружение блока приведения может быть основным аргументом в диагностике ряда болезней периферических нервов

Macroscopic anatomy of the fetal nasal cavity

Objectives to describe the macromicroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity in the intermediate fetal period of human ontogenesis. Material and methods. The object of the study was horizontal histotopograms of the nose of 15 fetuses of both genders at the age of 1922 weeks of the intermediate fetal period of ontogenesis. The study used the method of macromicroscopic preparation, the modified method of saw cuts according to N.I. Pirogov, and the histotopographic method. Results. On the horizontal histotopographic sections the external nose was shaped like a triangle. The structures of the external nose were covered with skin soldered to the underlying tissues. In soft tissues, there was a large accumulation of arterial and venous vessels, nerves, and glands. In the intermediate fetal period, the nasal passages had the shape of a triangle, with the base turned to the nasal part of the pharynx. It was found that the anterior-posterior size of the nasal septum in fetuses of the intermediate fetal period was 14.054.34 mm, with a range of fluctuations from 5.75 to 19.85 mm. The anterior-posterior size of the nasal septum in female fetuses was greater than the anterior-posterior size of the septum of male fetuses. The value of the width of the nasal septum was the maximum in the lower third, and reached up to 2.540.67 mm. The narrowest part of the nasal septum was its middle third, the value was 1.630.47 mm. The areas of the nasal passages had no bilateral differences. Conclusion. In the intermediate fetal period there is the establishment of qualitative and quantitative macromicroscopic anatomy of the nasal cavity. All the main structures are determined: the nasal septum, nasal conchs, mucosa, and blood vessels. Sexual differences begin to form, and there are no bilateral differences. Quantitative characteristics of the structures of the nasal cavity in fetuses can serve as a justification for early surgical intervention in choanal atresia

Serotonin limits generation of chromaffin cells during adrenal organ development

Adrenal glands are the major organs releasing catecholamines and regulating our stress response. The mechanisms balancing generation of adrenergic chromaffin cells and protecting against neuroblastoma tumors are still enigmatic. Here we revealed that serotonin (5HT) controls the numbers of chromaffin cells by acting upon their immediate progenitor "bridge" cells via 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 3A (HTR3A), and the aggressive HTR3Ahigh human neuroblastoma cell lines reduce proliferation in response to HTR3A-specific agonists. In embryos (in vivo), the physiological increase of 5HT caused a prolongation of the cell cycle in "bridge" progenitors leading to a smaller chromaffin population and changing the balance of hormones and behavioral patterns in adulthood. These behavioral effects and smaller adrenals were mirrored in the progeny of pregnant female mice subjected to experimental stress, suggesting a maternal-fetal link that controls developmental adaptations. Finally, these results corresponded to a size-distribution of adrenals found in wild rodents with different coping strategies

Clinical and genetic characteristics of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4D (type Lom) in Russia

Introduction. Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4D is a hereditary demyelinating neuropathy, that occurs with the high frequency in patients of Roma origin. It is characterized by early onset at the age of 2–10 years and hearing impairment, manifested by the 3rd decade of life.Aim of the study. To describe the clinical and genetic characteristics of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4D in Russian patients of Roma origin.Materials and methods. For 14 probands from unrelated families of Roma origin with a clinical diagnosis of Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, genetic tests for the pathogenic variants c. 442C>T in the NDRG1 gene and c. 3325C>T in the SH3TC2 gene was carried out. For 8 patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 4D, detailed clinical and electrophysiological examination was performed.Results. In 11 families of Roma origin, the c. 442C>T pathogenic variant in the NDRG1 gene in a homozygous state was detected, which accounted for 79 % all observed Roma patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease. There are 12 of the 14 tested families live in the European part of Russia, 7 of them are from nearby regions. The average age of onset was 3.3 years. The first symptom in 7 of 8 patients was gait disturbances. At the time of examination (age range 6–19 years), all patients showed marked hypotrophy and weakness of the feet, lower leg, hands muscles, feet deformities, reduction or loss of tendon reflexes.Discussion. Due to the detection of only one pathogenic variant in most Russian patients of Roma origin with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease, the knowledge of the ethnicity of a proband with early myelinopathy can significantly simplify the confirmation of the diagnosis on the molecular level