The combined method for uncertainty evaluation in electromagnetic radiation measurement

Electromagnetic radiation of all frequencies represents one of the most common and fastest growing environmental influence. All populations are now exposed to varying degrees of electromagnetic radiation and the levels will continue to increase as technology advances. An electronic or electrical product should not generate electromagnetic radiation which may impact the environment. In addition, electromagnetic radiation measurement results need to be accompanied by quantitative statements about their accuracy. This is particularly important when decisions about product specifications are taken. This paper presents an uncertainty budget for disturbance power measurements of the equipment as part of electromagnetic radiation. We propose a model which uses a mixed distribution for uncertainty evaluation. The evaluation of the probability density function for the measurand has been done using the Monte Carlo method and a modified least-squares method (combined method). For illustration, this paper presents mixed distributions of two normal distributions, normal and rectangular, respectively

Meat consumption: theory, practice and future prospects

This research reviewed human meat consumption and highlighted associated history, challenges and benefits. Selected literature for the manuscript was from relevant titles and reliable international sources. From early times of the mankind meat consumption and animal husbandry were inseparable parts of living, and with similar consequences as dramatic influence on environment. Human need for meat consumption fueled development of large world markets with incredible trade, processing and consumption. This overconsumption has caused health problems associated with high intake of cholesterol and sodium chloride. Another problem with meat consumption is the use of additives in processed products. In modern time these problems are tackled by the use of additives from plants that have health benefits. Thermal processing is yet another problem with meat consumption that food industry and science addresses by non-thermal replacements (e. g. high-pressure processing and electrotechnologies). Recently, interesting alternatives for meat processing included 3D Printing that is able to engineer admirable meat products from by-products. However, this technology might need to employ enzymes such as transglutaminase, associated with potential health problems and misleading the customers. Unfortunately, fraudulent activities are common for meat products and it would be prudent to organize enforcement centers with at least police and analysts skilled in chemometrics and various laboratory techniques for food defense. It seems as humankind expands it will seek more proteins from plant, insects, unicellular biomass, and synthetic meat than from the animal origin, however all of the alternatives must be carefully evaluated against consumer acceptance, public health and environmental concerns

Mass Spectra of Labeled Cyclopentanols

The fragmentation of cyclopentanol has been studied by employing the deuterium labeling technique. Starting from the molecular ion the following specific processes could be established: loss of H from the position 1, loss of CH3 formed mainly from 2 (or 5) position after a-scission, loss of H 2 0 as a 1,3-elimination, and loss of C2H 5 generated from 2 and 3 or 4 and 5 positions plus one hydrogen from position 5 or 2, respectively. The results are discussed

Mass Spectra of Labeled Cyclopentanols

The fragmentation of cyclopentanol has been studied by employing the deuterium labeling technique. Starting from the molecular ion the following specific processes could be established: loss of H from the position 1, loss of CH3 formed mainly from 2 (or 5) position after a-scission, loss of H 2 0 as a 1,3-elimination, and loss of C2H 5 generated from 2 and 3 or 4 and 5 positions plus one hydrogen from position 5 or 2, respectively. The results are discussed

RXJ 0921+4529: a binary quasar or gravitational lens?

We report the new spectroscopic observations of the gravitational lens RXJ 021+4529 with the multi-mode focal reducer SCORPIO of the SAO RAS 6-m telescope. The new spectral observations were compared with the previously observed spectra of components A and B of RXJ 0921+4529, i.e. the same components observed in different epochs. We found a significant difference in the spectrum between the components that cannot be explained with microlensing and/or spectral variation. We conclude that RXJ 0921+4529 is a binary quasar system, where redshifts of quasars A and B are 1.6535 +/- 0.0005 and 1.6625 +/- 0.0015, respectively.Comment: 6 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in The Astrophysical Journal Letter

Carbonized Jute Sorbent for Oil Cleanup

Over 90 million tons of textile waste is produced every year. A large share of waste comes from the goods made of cellulose fibers. Recently, special attention has been directed towards the use of textile cellulose waste for clean-up of oil spills. The major problem relies on their relatively small oil capacity and complex separation of individual cellulose fibers from the treated spills. In an attempt to overcome this drawback, a non-woven sorbent based on recycled jute fibers obtained from the carpet industry was manufactured. Improvement of porosity and hydrophobicity/oleophilicity of the sorbent was achieved by carbonization process in an inert atmosphere. FESEM analysis revealed the fiber reduction of almost 40% induced by fiber degradation while EDX analysis confirmed the increase in the carbon content by 75% after carbonization. Oil capacity in water medium, buoyancy, oil retention and reusability of non-carbonized and carbonized sorbents were evaluated by testing four different oils (crude oil, diesel oil, two motor oils). After carbonization process, the oil sorption capacity was doubled in comparison with noncarbonized sorbent independent of oil viscosity. Carbonized sorbent not only remained afloat after 24 h of staying in water, but it sorbed a negligible amount of water unlike non-carbonized sorbent. in addition to good buoyancy, oil retention on carbonized sorbents ranged from 64-80% after 30 min of draining. Larger uptake was achieved with oils of higher viscosity, but their retention was worse. Oil sorption capacity after 5 repeated sorption/desorption trials was significantly larger in the case of carbonized sorbent since it retained 80-88% of its initial oil sorption capacity depending on tested oil

EFFECT OF POLYDEXTROSE AND Κ-CARRAGEENAN ON INITIAL FREEZING POINT OF CHICKEN SURIMI

Initial freezing points (Ti) of chicken surimi samples mixed with sodium tripolyphosphate (w = 0.3%), κ-carrageenan (w = 0.5 %) and different mass fractions of polydextrose (w = 1 -10%) were determined by use of differential thermal analysis (DTA). Chicken surimi was produced following a modified procedure of Dawson et al. (1988.) from broiler (Sasso, 12 weeks, 1.73 kg live wt.). Water content in chicken surimi was 84.05% before mixing with added substances. Relations between decrease of the initial freezing point (Ti) as function of mass fractions (w) of the polydextrose were determined by linear regression. Coefficients of determination R2 = 0.90 were obtained. There were differences in the Ti values for samples of chicken surimi and water solution of polydextrose as a function of the mass fraction of polydextrose calculated on the total mass of water. These findings support the assumption that polydextrose interacts with chicken surimi proteins, resulting in an increase in the mass fraction of bound water, which depresses Ti. The results are compared with results for chicken surimi with added different mass fractions of polydextrose (w = 1 -10%) but without κ-carrageenan and with Pham model for prediction Ti

Algorithm for calculating influence of power transformer oil temperature change on the accuracy of allacoustic non-iterative partial discharge localization

Ovaj rad razmatra čisto akustičku metodu za lokalizaciju parcijalnog pražnjenja u energetskom transformatoru. Ova metoda se zasniva na matematičkom modelu koji koristi multilateraciju, princip vremenske razlike kašnjenja signala i neiterativni matematički algoritam. U ovom modelu pretpostavlja se da akustički signal prolazi jedino kroz transformatorsko ulje i da je brzina akustičkog signala konstantna. Brzina akustičkog signala u velikoj meri zavisi od temperature transformatorskog ulja što znači da se i temperatura transformatorskog ulja smatra konstantnom. U realnim uslovima, sa aspekta fizike, termodinamike fluida, konstrukcije transformatora itd., ova pretpostavka je najblaže rečeno velika. Upravo zato se u ovom radu istražuje uticaj promene temperature transformatorskog ulja (promene brzine akustičkog signala) na preciznost razmatrane metode. Za tu namenu, dizajniran je algoritam i implementiran u programskom jeziku Visual C#. Na osnovu sprovedenih simulacija stečena su nova saznanja o interakciji između temperature transformatorskog ulja i položaja akustičkih senzora. Ova interakcija dovela je do značajne razlike u preciznosti neiterativnog matematičkog algoritma za različite položaje akustičkih senzora pri promeni temperature transformatorskog ulja. Kako bi se uočena interakcija maksimalno iskoristila za unapređenje preciznosti razmatrane metode, predloženi su određeni koraci za dalje istraživanje i razvoj.This article investigates the all-acoustic method for partial discharge localization in a power transformer. This method is based on mathematical model that uses multilateration with Time Difference of Arrival (TDOA) principle and non-itterative mathematical algorithm. In this model, it is assumed that acoustic signal propagates only through transformer oil and that the velocity of acoustic signal is constant. Acoustic signal velocity is largely dependent on transformer oil temperature meaning that oil temperature is also considered to be constant. In reality if we look from the perspective of physics, thermo dynamics of fluids, transformer construction etc. this approximation is enormous. Therefore, influence of power transformer oil temperature change (velocity of acoustic signal change) on the accuracy of this method is investigated. For that purpose special algorithm is designed and implemented in Visual C# programming language. Based on conducted simulations, further knowledge is gained about interaction between transformer oil temperature and placement of acoustic sensors. This interaction produced significant disparity in noniterative algorithm's accuracy for different sensor positions with oil temperature change. In order to fully take advantage of noticed interaction, certain steps for further research and development are proposed

Doxycycline Influence on Bone Remodelling after Therapy of Periapical Lesions

Svrha je istraživanja bila ocijeniti preoblikovanje kosti nakon endodontske terapije periapeksnih lezija kombinirane s uporabom doksiciklina, mjerenjem površine osteoida, debljine osteoida, osteoklastnog indeksa i broja upalnih stanica u usporedbi s preoblikovanjem kosti nakon endodontske terapije bez uporabe antibiotika na psećemu modelu. Pokus je izveden na šest pasa mješanaca. Endodontska je terapija učinjena 35 dana nakon namjernoga trepaniranja pulpne komore. Mehanička obrada ProFile® Ni-Ti rotirajućim instrumentima, crown-down tehnikom, izvedena je na 39 korijenskih kanala koji su zatim punjeni Thermafill® obturatorima i Top Seal® cementom, na radiološki potvrđenoj duljini do apeksne delte. Kaviteti su zatim ispunjeni amalgamom. Životinje su podijeljene u skupinu 1 (antibiotska; tri životinje; 21 korijen) i u skupinu 2 (neantibiotska; tri životinje; 17 korijena). Neposredno nakon endodontske terapije životinje iz skupine 1 primale su doksiciklin (10 mg/kg, Hiramicin®, Pliva d.d., Zagreb, Hrvatska) tijekom 12 dana. Sve životinje su žrtvovane 35. dana nakon endodontske terapije, te su čeljusti uklopljene u metil-metakrilat. Nedemineralizirani rezovi debeli 5 µm obojeni su Toluidinskim modrilom. Histomorfometrijski indeksi (površina osteoida, debljina osteoida, osteoklastni indeks i broj upalnih stanica) mjereni su svjetlosnim mikroskopom služeći se računalnim programom (ISSA, Vams, Zagreb, Hrvatska). Vrijednosti debljine osteoida (skupina 1: 15,33 µm ± 33,49; skupina 2: 15,62 µm ± 7,41; p > 0,05) i broja upalnih stanica ( group 1: 117,16 ± 38,66 ; group 2: 111,39 ± 75,81; p>0,05) nisu pokazale statistički znatne razlike između skupina. Razlika između skupina statistički je bila znatna između mjerenih vrijednosti površine osteoida i osteoklastnog indeksa. Površina osteoida veća je u skupini 1 (skupina 1: 30,56% ± 15,51; skupina 2: 10,34% ± 11,60; p < 0,0001). Osteoklastni je indeks niži u skupini 1 (skupina 1: 43,13 mm - 2 ± 41,25; skupina 2: 111,34 mm - 2 ± 115,46; p<0,001). Za statističke raščlambe uporabljen je Mann-Whitney U test. Ne postoji razlika u debljini osteoida i broju upalnih stanica među skupinama. Površina osteoida je veća, a osteoklastni indeks je manji u skupini 1 (antibiotska skupina), što upozorava na veći potencijal koštanoga cijeljenja.The aim of the study was to evaluate bone remodelling after endodontic therapy of periapical lesions combined with doxycycline administration by measuring osteoid surface, osteoid thickness, osteoclast index and inflammatory cell count in comparison with bone remodelling after endodontic therapy whithout antibiotic administration in dogs. The experiment was conducted on six mongrel dogs. Endodontic therapy was performed 35 days after artificial dental pulp exposure. A total of 30 roots were cleaned and shaped by Crown-down technique with Profile® rotary instruments and filled with Thermafill® at the lenght to the apical delta confirmed radiographically. Cavities were sealed with amalgam. Animals were then divided into group 1 (antibiotic, three animals with 21 roots) and group 2 (non-antibiotic, three animals with 17 roots). Immediately after endodontic therapy, animals in group 1 were treated by administration of doxycycline (10 mg/kg, Hiramicin, Pliva d.d., Zagreb, Croatia) for a period od 12 days. All animals were sacrified 35 days after endodontic therapy and mandibles embedded in methylmetacrylate. Undemineralized sections 5 µm thick were stained with toluidine blue. The histomorphometric indices (osteoid surface, osteoid thickness, osteoclast index and inflammatory cell count) were measured by light microscopy using computer program (ISSA, Vams, Zagreb, Croatia). Osteoid thickness (group 1: 15.33 µm ± 33.49; group 2: 15.62 µm ± 7.41 ; p > 0.05) and inflammatory cell count (group 1: 117.16 ± 38.66; group 2: 111.39 ± 75.81; p > 0.05) did not show statistically significant difference. The difference between groups was statistically significant in measured indices of osteoid surface and osteoclast index. Osteoid surface was greater in group 1 (group 1: 30.56 ± 15.51; group 2: 10.34% ± 11.60; p < 0.0001). Osteoclast index was lower in group 1 (group 1: 43.13 mm - 2 ± 41.25; group 2: 111.34 mm - 2 ± 115.46 ; p < 0.0001). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U test. There was no difference in osteoid thickness and inflammatory cell count between the two groups. Osteoid surface was higher and osteoclast index lower in group 1 (antibiotic treated group) which indicates greater bone tissue healing potential

Evaluation of Bone Remodelling After Endodontic Therapy of the Periapecal Lesion

Svrha je istraživanja ocijentit preoblikovanje kosti mjereći površinu osteoida, debljinu osteoida, osteoklasni indeks i broj upalnih stanica nakon dviju različitih endodontskih terapija periapeksnih lezija na psećim zubima. Na 23 donja premolara (37 korijenskih kanala) 6 pasa mješanaca inducirane su periapeksne lezije. U skupini 1, 17 korijenskih kanala instrumentirano je do apeksne delte crown-down tehnikom služeći se ProFile® Ni-Ti rotirajućim instrumentima napunjeno do iste dužine tehnikom Thermafill® i Top Seal® cementom. Ostalih 20 korijenskih kanala (skupina 2) instrumentirani su tehnikom kontrolirane preinstrumentacije do točke određene elektroodontometrijski (električni apeks lokator EED-11, Struja, Zagreb, Hrvatska). Kanali su napunjeni tehnikomThermafill® na dužini 2 mm kraćoj od radne dužine. U objema skupinama dužina punjenja provjerena je radiološki, a pristupni kaviteti ispunjeni amalgamom. Životinje su žrtvovane 35 dana nakon endodontske terapije. Nedemineralizirani rezovi debeli 5-7 mm obojeni su Toluidinskim modrilom. Histomorfometrijski indeksi (površina osteoida, debljina osteoida, osteoklasni indeks i broj upalnih stanica) mjereni su svjetlosnim mikroskopom koristeći se računalnim programom (ISSA, Vams, Zagreb, Hrvatska). Razlike između skupina statistički su znatne za sve mjerene indekse. U skupini 1 površina osteoida je manja (10,34 % ± 11,60), a tako i debljina osteoida (15,62 µm ± 7,41) i broj upalnih stanica (111,39 ± 75,81), dok je osteoklastni indeks viši (111,34 mm - 2 ± 115,46). U skupini 2 površina osteoida je veća (33,21 % ± 21,43), kao i debljina osteoida (16,26 µm ± 6,46) i broj upalnih stanica (137,62 ± 46,34) a osteoklastni je indeks niži (27,00 mm - 2 ± 39,03). Za statističke raščlambe upotrijebljen je Mann-Whitney U test. Rezultati dobiveni mjerenjem morfometrijskih indeksa pokazuju održavanje aktivnosti resorpcije kosti u skupini 1 i brže stvaranje kosti u skupini 2. Veći broj upalnih stanca u skupini 2 vjerojatno je uzrokovan dodatnom traumom periapeksnoga tkiva prigodom preinstrumentacije. Ova trauma ne utječe na remodelaciju kosti.The aim of the study was to evaluate bone remodelling by measuring osteoid surface, osteoid thickness, osteoclast index and inflammatory cell count after two differnet approaches in endodontic therapy of periapecal lesion on dogs’ teeth. After inducing periapecal lesion in 23 mandibular premolars (37 root canals) from six mongrel dogs, 17 root canals were instrumented to the apical delta with crowndown techniwue using ProFile® Ni-Ti rotary instruments and filled to the same length with Thermafill® obturation technique and Top Seal® cement (group 1). The other 20 root canals (group 2) were instrumented using controlled overinstrumentation technique to the point determined ellectronically (electronic apex locator EED-11, Struja, Zagreb, Croatia). Teeth were obturated with Thermafill® at the length 2mm shorter than the working length. Length of obturation was confirmed radiographically and access cavities sealed with amalgam in both groups. The animals were sacrified 35 days after the end of endodontic treatment. Undemineralizad sections 5-7 mm thick were stained with toluidine blue. The histomorphometric indices (oseoid surface, osteoid thickness, osteoclast index and inflammatory cell count) were measured by light microscopy using computer program (ISSA, Vams, Zagreb, Croatia). The difference between grops was statistically significant in all measured indices. In group 1 the osteoid surface was lower (10.34 % ± 11.60) as well as osteiod thickness (15.62 µm ± 7.41) and inflammatory cell count (111.39 ± 75.81) while osteoclast index was higher (111.34 mm - 2 ± 115.46). In group 2 osteoid surface was higher (33.21 % ± 21.43) as well as osteoid thickness (16.26 µm ± 6.46) and inflammatory cell count (137.62 ± 46.34), while osteoclast index was lower (27.00 mm - 2 ± 39.03). Stastistical analysis was performed using Menn-Whitney U Test. Results obtained by measuring histomorphometric indices indicate sustained bone resorption activity in group 1 anf faster bone formation in group 2. The greater number of inflammatory cells in group 2 was probaly caused by additional trauma of periapical tissues during overinstrumentation. This trauma does not interfere with bone remodelling