The Tort Remedy in Search and Seizure Cases: A Case Study in Juror Decision Making

Civil suits for damage awards against police officers alleged to have engaged in illegal searches have long been suggested as an alternative to the exclusionary rule as a remedy for police misconduct. A review of empirical literature on the incidence and outcomes of such suits suggests that defendant officers often prevail and that the awards do not seem large enough to produce the punishment and deterrence effect often claimed by proponents of the tort remedy. Using an experimental technique involving simulated trials and adults called for jury service as subjects, we examine the effects of two procedural aspects of such suits on juror awards. The extent of municipal liability and the substitution of the U.S. government as plaintiff do not appear to affect the incidence or size of compensatory or punitive damage awards. Denying jurors information about the outcome of the search does appear likely to increase damage awards. The article both explores factors affecting juror decision-making in these cases and illustrates the utility and limitations of the experimental method for testing suggested policy innovations.</jats:p

Development of a do-it-yourself physics apparatus for STEM learning: standing wave generator

Abstract This study aimed to develop and investigate the efficiency of the DIY Standing Wave apparatus for STEM demonstration and laboratory in Grade 7 for the topic transverse waves under the K-12 curriculum. The efficiency of the apparatus was determined through successive experiments and the percentage error was compared to the Mechanical Wave Vibrator of the College of Science and Mathematics, MSU-IIT. The assessment on the DIY Standing Wave apparatus manual was the basis for the modification of the DIY Standing Wave apparatus and revision of the manual. Results revealed that there was no significant difference in the percentage error between the DIY Standing Wave apparatus and Mechanical Wave Vibrator. The DIY Standing Wave apparatus and the Mechanical Wave Vibrator had an average percentage error of less than ten percent, so the DIY Standing Wave apparatus was also efficient. The manual for the DIY Standing Wave Apparatus can guide teachers on what materials are needed and how to fabricate the apparatus. The manual was appropriate for the DIY Standing Wave apparatus and was intended for the in-service Physics teachers. The apparatus can be a tool for an effective STEM learning.</jats:p

In vitro Activity of Hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) and Buyo (Piper betle) Leaf Extract in Diabetic Blood Sample

Chronic wounds, which heal slowly due to disruptions in normal healing phases, are a major concern, especially for diabetic patients experiencing delayed healing from poor circulation and microvascular issues. In a scenario where synthetic approaches face limitations, medicinal plants as natural remedies have become an avenue to address this concern. The study uses a quasi-experimental design to assess and compare the in vitro activity of hagonoy (Chromolaena odorata) and buyo (Piper betle) leaf extracts, both individually and in combination, on diabetic blood samples. The evaluation specifically focuses on measuring blood clotting time and assessing antibacterial activity. The study found that hagonoy leaf extract was the most effective for blood clotting, with its 5% concentration producing an average clotting time of 10.5 minutes. This result confirms its previously established role in clotting and hemorrhage control. Buyo leaf extract also demonstrated effectiveness, with its 7% concentration achieving an average clotting time of 14.67 minutes. The combined extract, at a 7% concentration, showed its fastest clotting time of 18.83 minutes but was less effective compared to the individual extracts. In terms of antibacterial activity, no significant differences were observed among the extracts. However, buyo exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 10% against S. aureus and 7% against E. coli. In contrast, hagonoy and the combined extracts only demonstrated MIC against E. coli. Future researchers are encouraged to use alternative methods for preparing the leaf extracts, and to identify the best concentration for achieving the maximum antibacterial effect. Future researchers may conduct further research that focuses on the wound-healing properties of hagonoy and buyo individually, as well as the combined effects of their extracts. Additionally, investigating the potential effectiveness of hagonoy and buyo leaf extracts, both individually and in combination, against fungal infections could provide valuable insights into their broader therapeutic potential