Socioeconomic status, urbanicity and risk behaviors in Mexican youth: an analysis of three cross-sectional surveys

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The relationship between urbanicity and adolescent health is a critical issue for which little empirical evidence has been reported. Although an association has been suggested, a dichotomous rural versus urban comparison may not succeed in identifying differences between adolescent contexts. This study aims to assess the influence of locality size on risk behaviors in a national sample of young Mexicans living in low-income households, while considering the moderating effect of socioeconomic status (SES).</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a secondary analysis of three national surveys of low-income households in Mexico in different settings: rural, semi-urban and urban areas. We analyzed risk behaviors in 15-21-year-olds and their potential relation to urbanicity. The risk behaviors explored were: tobacco and alcohol consumption, sexual initiation and condom use. The adolescents' localities of residence were classified according to the number of inhabitants in each locality. We used a logistical model to identify an association between locality size and risk behaviors, including an interaction term with SES.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The final sample included 17,974 adolescents from 704 localities in Mexico. Locality size was associated with tobacco and alcohol consumption, showing a similar effect throughout all SES levels: the larger the size of the locality, the lower the risk of consuming tobacco or alcohol compared with rural settings. The effect of locality size on sexual behavior was more complex. The odds of adolescent condom use were higher in larger localities only among adolescents in the lowest SES levels. We found no statically significant association between locality size and sexual initiation.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The results suggest that in this sample of adolescents from low-income areas in Mexico, risk behaviors are related to locality size (number of inhabitants). Furthermore, for condom use, this relation is moderated by SES. Such heterogeneity suggests the need for more detailed analyses of both the effects of urbanicity on behavior, and the responses--which are also heterogeneous--required to address this situation.</p

La polémica sobre las lumbalgias y su relación con el trabajo: estudio retrospectivo en trabajadores con invalidez The debate on lower back pain and its relationship to work: a retrospective study of workers on sick leave

La lumbalgia es un padecimiento de alta prevalencia en la población trabajadora mexicana y tiene repercusiones económico-sociales de enorme alcance. Las cifras oficiales muestran que por lo menos entre el 10,0 y 15,0% de los dictámenes de invalidez se deben a ella. Este dictamen se otorga sólo cuando se ha demostrado que la enfermedad no tuvo relación con el trabajo. Sin embargo, esta investigación muestra que existe tal relación. El estudio fue retrospectivo y se consideraron a todos los trabajadores con dictamen de invalidez por lumbalgia (210 casos), en un hospital del IMSS de la Ciudad de México, durante un periodo de 7 años. Los resultados muestran la asociación e interacciones entre la lumbalgia invalidante y variables laborales como: puesto de trabajo, antigüedad, esfuerzo físico y levantamiento de cargas. Se discute sobre las dificultades y la precisión diagnósticas de la lumbalgia, así como sobre la causalidad del síndrome. Se sugieren algunas vías clínicas, epidemiológicas y legales para su estudio y prevención.<br>Lower back pain has a high prevalence among the Mexican working population, with extensive social and economic repercussions. Official figures show that lower back pain accounts for 10.0 to 15.0% of sick leave excuses. However, this fails to identify any relationship between lower back pain and job conditions, since such leave is only granted if it can be shown that the condition was not work-related. The present study shows that such a relationship does in fact exist. A retrospective study examined all cases (n = 210) in which workers were granted sick leave for lower back pain in an IMSS (Mexican Government Health Insurance) hospital in Mexico City during a seven-year period. The results show the association and interactions between debilitating lower back pain and several work-related variables: job position, time-on-the-job, and physical effort and weight-carrying associated with the position. Causes of lower back pain and the difficulty in obtaining accurate, precise back pain diagnosis are discussed. A number of clinical, epidemiological, and legal strategies for the study and prevention of back pain are suggested