Seasonal and Regional Distribution of Lightning Fraction Over Indian Subcontinent

Abstract Four years of Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology lightning location network lightning observation data are used to determine the seasonal and spatial (over different geographical locations) distribution of the ratio of intra‐cloud (IC) lightning to cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning in thunderstorms over the Indian subcontinent. The ratio is high (6–10) in the northwestern parts and low (0.5–3.5) in the northeastern parts. No prominent latitudinal variation of the IC to CG ratio exists, but a climatological seasonal variability exists over all regions. In the pre‐monsoon season (March–May), the mean ratio is observed to be 3.81 with a standard deviation of 0.79, and during the monsoon season (June–September), a value of 3.04 with a standard deviation of 0.50. Although convective available potential energy is the regulating factor, little dependency has been found between the ratio of IC to CG lightning (IC:CG ratio) and the total flash rate (f), as well as with cold cloud depths. The ratio is observed to be proportional to the total flash rate as f0.61. The cold cloud depth is most prominently linked with the regional and seasonal IC:CG ratio. The implication of these observed results has the importance of separating CG lightning flash from total and can be used in numerical models to give a proper prediction of CG lightning in hazard mitigation

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ii Preface Computational social choice, an interdisciplinary field of study at the interface of social choice theory and computer science, promotes a bidirectional exchange of ideas between both fields. On the one hand, techniques developed in computer science (such as complexity analysis or algorithm design) are applied to social choice mechanisms (such as voting procedures or fair division protocols) and problems related to them. On the other hand, concepts from social choice theory are imported into computing. For instance, social welfar