Combining autocracy and majority voting: the canonical succession rules of the Latin Church

The autocratic turn of the Latin Church in the XI-XIII century, a reaction to the secular power interferences, concentrated the decision-making power in the hands of the top hierarchy, and finally in the hands of the pope. A fundamental step was the change and the constitutionalisation of the procedures for leadership replacement, which were open successions where the contest for power was governed by elections. The autocratic reform limited the active electorate to the clergy only and gradually substituted the episcopal elections by the pope’s direct appointment. Besides, the voting rules changed from unanimity to the dual principle of maioritas et sanioritas (where the majority was identified with the greater part by number and wisdom) and finally to the numerical rule of qualified majority. This evolution aimed at preserving the elections from external interferences and at eliminating the elements of arbitrariness. The most important succession, the papal election, was protected by institutionalising a selectorate and its decision-making rules. The selectorate and the elections did not insert accountability and representation mechanisms but only protected the quality of the autocratic leadership and its autonomy

MICROANALYSE PHYSICOCHIMIQUE SUPERFICIELLE DU POLYÉTHYLÈNE PAR SPECTROMÉTRIES VIBRATIONNELLES

Les spectrométries d'absorption infrarouge et de diffusion Raman permettent de caractériser la microstructure volumique et superficielle d'un matériau macromoléculaire. Après avoir testé sur des films témoins, nous avons pu préciser l'évolution de la chimie, de la cristallinité et de la texture du polyéthylène sous frottement. Ces méthodes sont applicables aux pions frottés et aux films de transfert ou aux débris d'usure sur substrat en verre ou métallique.By using infrared and raman spectroscopies, it is possible to define bulk and surface microstructure of macromolecular materials. After testing on standard films, we have specified the changes in chemistry, crystallinity and texture of polyethylene during friction. These methods are suitable for analyzing : sliding pin, transfert film and wear fragments on metal or glass conterfaces

Process for Advanced Management and Technologies of Aircraft EOL

AbstractDifferent possibilities are available to treat aircraft end-of-life (EOL), each with positive and negative impacts on the 3 spheres of sustainable development. EOL processing includes 4 major steps: decontamination, disassembly of reused or remanufactured parts, dismantling of the remaining carcass, materials recovery and valorization and/or landfill. In this paper, we present general methods to dispose of and/or implement profitable rebirthing processes and a dedicated infrastructure for end-of-life aircraft (real Bombardier CRJ100) and helicopters operated in Canada. This work is critical to help aircraft manufacturers design current and next generation aircraft and to facilitate disposal after use. The scope of this project is well rounded and includes all aspects related to dismantling of an aircraft; from legal, to scientific and engineering. These aspects are studied using both modeling and experimental approaches