Alien Registration- Bickford, Gertrude D. (Augusta, Kennebec County)

https://digitalmaine.com/alien_docs/17311/thumbnail.jp

Federalism and Subsidiarity: Perspectives from U.S. Constitutional Law

We live in an Age of Federalism. All over the world nation states are withering away as free trade and defense functions are assumed by transnational entities and as power is devolved to local entities. As nation states disappear, a central question arises as to what functions each level of government ought to perform in federal unions? One response is that federations ought to be governed by the principle of subsidiarity: i.e., that matters ought to be decided at the lowest or least centralized level of government that is competent to handle a problem. We agree with this view and think that constitutional federalism ought to be enforced by courts exercising the power of judicial review. We summarize the economics of federalism and of subsidiarity and offer an explanation as to when activities are best conducted at a lower level of government and when they are best conducted at a higher level of government. We argue that the principle of subsidiarity suggests power ought to be left presumptively at the State level unless the advocates of federal action can show an economics of federalism need for national intervention. We offer two perspectives from law on the federalism-subsidiarity debate. First, we address the U.S. Constitution\u27s enumeration of national powers. We consider the origins of the enumeration of federal power in the U.S. Constitution and the Framers\u27 rudimentary instincts as to the economics of federalism, as well as the U.S. Supreme Court\u27s case law construing the Necessary and Proper Clause of the U.S. Constitution. We conclude that President Obama\u27s 2010 National Health Care law is unconstitutional when analyzed with the economics of federalism in mind. Second, we address the national constraints the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution imposes on the States -- again in light of the economics of federalism and of subsidiarity. We consider whether and to what degree the Fourteenth Amendment incorporates the Bill of Rights and applies it against the States -- a question the Supreme Court recently addressed in McDonald v. City of Chicago. The Court held in McDonald that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was incorporated -- a conclusion we agree with. We argue, however, against most forms of new national rights creation by the Supreme Court on economics of federalism grounds. We conclude by showing that the European constitutional ideas of subsidiarity and a margin of appreciation are directly relevant to U.S. constitutional law. We argue for learning from these doctrines as U.S. constitutional federalism develops in the years ahead

Study of a signal processor employing a synthetic phase isolator

Evaluation of signal data processor employing synthetic phase isolator techniqu

Formalizing Moessner's theorem and generalizations in Nuprl

Moessner's theorem describes a procedure for generating a sequence of n integer sequences that lead unexpectedly to the sequence of nth powers 1^{n}, 2^{n}, 3^{n},...Several generalizations of Moessner's theorem exist. Recently, Kozen and Silva gave an algebraic proof of a general theorem that subsumes Moessner's original theorem and its known generalizations. In this note, we describe the formalization of this theorem that the first author did in Nuprl. On the one hand, the formalization remains remarkably close to the original proof. On the other hand, it leads to new insights in the proof, pointing to small gaps and ambiguities that would never raise any objections in pen and pencil proofs, but which must be resolved in machine formalization

Expression pattern of three-finger toxin and phospholipase A2 genes in the venom glands of two sea snakes, Lapemis curtus and Acalyptophis peronii: Comparison of evolution of these toxins in land snakes, sea kraits and sea snakes

10.1186/1471-2148-7-175BMC Evolutionary Biology7

Orbit transfer rocket engine integrated control and health monitoring system technology readiness assessment

The objectives of this task were to: (1) estimate the technology readiness of an integrated control and health monitoring (ICHM) system for the Aerojet 7500 lbF Orbit Transfer Vehicle engine preliminary design assuming space based operations; and (2) estimate the remaining cost to advance this technology to a NASA defined 'readiness level 6' by 1996 wherein the technology has been demonstrated with a system validation model in a simulated environment. The work was accomplished through the conduct of four subtasks. In subtask 1 the minimally required functions for the control and monitoring system was specified. The elements required to perform these functions were specified in Subtask 2. In Subtask 3, the technology readiness level of each element was assessed. Finally, in Subtask 4, the development cost and schedule requirements were estimated for bringing each element to 'readiness level 6'

Vitrification of hazardous and radioactive wastes

Vitrification offers many attractive waste stabilization options. Versatility of waste compositions, as well as the inherent durability of a glass waste form, have made vitrification the treatment of choice for high-level radioactive wastes. Adapting the technology to other hazardous and radioactive waste streams will provide an environmentally acceptable solution to many of the waste challenges that face the public today. This document reviews various types and technologies involved in vitrification

Pulvinar Projections to the Striatum and Amygdala in the Tree Shrew

Visually guided movement is possible in the absence of conscious visual perception, a phenomenon referred to as “blindsight.” Similarly, fearful images can elicit emotional responses in the absence of their conscious perception. Both capabilities are thought to be mediated by pathways from the retina through the superior colliculus (SC) and pulvinar nucleus. To define potential pathways that underlie behavioral responses to unperceived visual stimuli, we examined the projections from the pulvinar nucleus to the striatum and amygdala in the tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri), a species considered to be a prototypical primate. The tree shrew brain has a large pulvinar nucleus that contains two SC-recipient subdivisions; the dorsal (Pd) and central (Pc) pulvinar both receive topographic (“specific”) projections from SC, and Pd receives an additional non-topographic (“diffuse”) projection from SC (Chomsung et al., 2008). Anterograde and retrograde tract tracing revealed that both Pd and Pc project to the caudate and putamen, and Pd, but not Pc, additionally projects to the lateral amygdala. Using immunocytochemical staining for substance P (SP) and parvalbumin (PV) to reveal the patch/matrix organization of tree shrew striatum, we found that SP-rich/PV-poor patches interlock with a PV-rich/SP-poor matrix. Confocal microscopy revealed that tracer-labeled pulvino-striatal terminals preferentially innervate the matrix. Electron microscopy revealed that the postsynaptic targets of tracer-labeled pulvino-striatal and pulvino-amygdala terminals are spines, demonstrating that the pulvinar nucleus projects to the spiny output cells of the striatum matrix and the lateral amygdala, potentially relaying: (1) topographic visual information from SC to striatum to aid in guiding precise movements, and (2) non-topographic visual information from SC to the amygdala alerting the animal to potentially dangerous visual images

CX3CL1 reduces neurotoxicity and microglial activation in a rat model of Parkinson\u27s disease

BACKGROUND: Parkinson\u27s disease is characterized by a progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The cause of the neurodegeneration is unknown. Neuroinflammation has been clearly shown in Parkinson\u27s disease and may be involved in the progressive nature of the disease. Microglia are capable of producing neuronal damage through the production of bioactive molecules such as cytokines, as well as reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). The inflammatory response in the brain is tightly regulated at multiple levels. One form of immune regulation occurs via neurons. Fractalkine (CX3CL1), produced by neurons, suppresses the activation of microglia. CX3CL1 is constitutively expressed. It is not known if addition of exogenous CX3CL1 beyond otherwise physiologically normal levels could decrease microglia activation and thereby minimize the secondary neurodegeneration following a neurotoxic insult. METHODS: The intrastriatal 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) rat model of Parkinson disease, was used to test the hypothesis that exogenous CX3CL1 could be neuroprotective. Treatment with recombinant CX3CL1 was delivered to the striatum by an osmotic minipump for 28 days beginning 7 days after the initial insult. Unbiased stereological methods were used to quantify the lesion size in the striatum, the amount of neuronal loss in the substantia nigra, and the amount of microglia activation. RESULTS: As hypothesized, CX3CL1 was able to suppress this microglia activation. The reduced microglia activation was found to be neuroprotective as the CX3CL1 treated rats had a smaller lesion volume in the striatum and importantly significantly fewer neurons were lost in the CX3CL1 treated rats. CONCLUSION: These findings demonstrated that CX3CL1 plays a neuroprotective role in 6-OHDA-induced dopaminergic lesion and it might be an effective therapeutic target for many neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease, where inflammation plays an important role