4 research outputs found
Immunogenicity and efficacy of non-adjuvant tissue culture-based rabies vaccine produced in Ethiopia
Rabies is 100% fatal, but it is preventable. More than 95% of human rabies cases occur in improperly treated individuals. This is partly due to the fact that modern post-exposure rabies prophylaxis is expensive and therefore not readily available in many endemic regions. Nervous tissue vaccine has been in use for more than 100yrs. These vaccines have now been superseded in purity, potency, immunogenicity and safety. The efficacy and immunogenicity of inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine, produced in Ethiopia was evaluated. Twelve experimental dogs from local breed were duly conditioned during a quarantine period and assigned to two groups randomly. Animals in group I (cases) were vaccinated subcutaneously with 1 ml of our experimental vaccine. Dogs in group II served as non-vaccinated controls. The immune response of each dog was monitored for 90 days. On the day 90 after final sampling, all dogs were challenged in the masseter muscle with a rabies street virus of canine origin. To evaluate the titer of the rabies virus neutralizing antibodies (VNA), sera were analyzed by Fluorescent Antibody Virus Neutralization (FAVN) Test. Geometric Mean Titers (GMT) to rabies virus was determined at days 7, 15, 21, 30, 60 and 90. Geometric mean titers were equal to 1.59, 1.73, 2.19, 3.58, 3.17 and 3.35 IU/ml respectively. All dogs showed VNA titers higher than the 0.5 IU/ml mandated WHO recommended threshold. All vaccinated dogs, survived the challenge. In contrast, 83.3% of dogs in the control (non-vaccinated group), developed rabies and died. This study indicated that cell culture-based anti-rabies developed inhouse, with no adjuvant is efficacious and immunogenic
Novel Vaccines to Human Rabies
Rabies, the most fatal of all infectious diseases, remains a major public health problem in developing countries, claiming the lives of an estimated 55,000 people each year. Most fatal rabies cases, with more than half of them in children, result from dog bites and occur among low-income families in Southeast Asia and Africa. Safe and efficacious vaccines are available to prevent rabies. However, they have to be given repeatedly, three times for pre-exposure vaccination and four to five times for post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP). In cases of severe exposure, a regimen of vaccine combined with a rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) preparation is required. The high incidence of fatal rabies is linked to a lack of knowledge on the appropriate treatment of bite wounds, lack of access to costly PEP, and failure to follow up with repeat immunizations. New, more immunogenic but less costly rabies virus vaccines are needed to reduce the toll of rabies on human lives. A preventative vaccine used for the immunization of children, especially those in high incidence countries, would be expected to lower fatality rates. Such a vaccine would have to be inexpensive, safe, and provide sustained protection, preferably after a single dose. Novel regimens are also needed for PEP to reduce the need for the already scarce and costly RIG and to reduce the number of vaccine doses to one or two. In this review, the pipeline of new rabies vaccines that are in pre-clinical testing is provided and an opinion on those that might be best suited as potential replacements for the currently used vaccines is offered
Π’ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½: ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ
One of the leading cause of the decrease of treatment efficacy in patient with community-acquired infections in the intensive care department is a spread of antibiotic resistance in main causative agents. Among Gram-negative microorganisms Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causative agents, that is related to health service. A review of foreign and domestic literature concerning tobramycin β systemic form use in the current medical practice in the conditions of increasing resistance of microorganisms to the most broad-spectrum antibiotics is presented in the article. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of tobramycin are described, results of clinical trials, that demonstrate an efficacy of its use in the combination with other antibiotics in the life-threatening infections caused by Gram-negative microorganisms are presented in the article.ΠΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡ Π· ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ Π·Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π»ΡΠΊΡΠ²Π°Π½Π½Ρ Ρ
Π²ΠΎΡΠΈΡ
Π· Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ Ρ Π²ΡΠ΄Π΄ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ Ρ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡ
Π·Π±ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΡΡ. Π‘Π΅ΡΠ΅Π΄ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² Pseudomonas aeruginosa Ρ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡΡ Π· Π΄ΠΎΠΌΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π·Π±ΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΉ, ΠΏΠΎΠ²βΡΠ·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π· Π½Π°Π΄Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΈ. Π£ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ³Π»ΡΠ΄ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠ° Π²ΡΡΡΠΈΠ·Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡ Π»ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ β ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΡ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ Π² ΡΠΌΠΎΠ²Π°Ρ
Π·ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΡΠ² Π΄ΠΎ Π±ΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π΄ΡΡ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΊΡΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ½Ρ ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΡΡΠ½Ρ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΡΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΆ Π½Π°Π²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡΠ½ΠΈΡ
Π΄ΠΎΡΠ»ΡΠ΄ΠΆΠ΅Π½Ρ, ΡΠΎ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡΡΡ ΠΉΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²ΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ°Π½Π½Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΡΠ½Π°ΡΡΡ Π· ΡΠ½ΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΡΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ Π·Π°Π³ΡΠΎΠ·Π»ΠΈΠ²ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΡΡ
, Π²ΠΈΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ
Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ½Π΅Π³Π°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΡΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΡΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌΠΈ.ΠΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ· ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Ρ Π½ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π² ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΏΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈ Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² Pseudomonas aeruginosa ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΈΠΌ ΠΈΠ· Π΄ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π±ΡΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΠΈ. Π ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ ΠΎΠ±Π·ΠΎΡ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ±Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π° β ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ
Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΠΈΡΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΊ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Ρ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ° Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΏΠΈΡΠ°Π½Ρ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΊΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ°ΡΠΌΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠ½Π°ΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡΠΈΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π°Π½ΡΠΈΠ±ΠΈΠΎΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠ³ΡΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΡ
, Π²ΡΠ·Π²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Π³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ