Combined protein C and protein S deficiency with pregnancy

A 35 year old female patient, married since 8 years, G6P1L1SA4 was registered with our unit since 8th week of gestation. She was a known case of protein C and protein S deficiency diagnosed 7 years ago (thrombotic profile- protein C: 70% normal: 70-100%, protein S: 55% normal: 70/140%, AT-III: 116% normal 70/140%, factor V leiden: no mutation detected) which was detected on evaluation for her bad obstetric history. ACLA was also positive. She was started on injection low molecular weight heparin 0.6 mg s/c OD, in addition to continuing Tb. Aspirin 75 mg which had been started when the pregnancy was registered. Foleys induction was done at 39 weeks of gestation in view of previous LSCS with pre-eclampsia. Emergency LSCS was done in view of previous LSCS with non-progress of labour. Male child weighing 2.4 kg was born which is doing well. A patient having combined deficiency of both factors protein C and protein S is very rare. Anticoagulation therapy is the cornerstone in the management of patients with inherited coagulation defects

Circulating microparticles: square the circle

Background: The present review summarizes current knowledge about microparticles (MPs) and provides a systematic overview of last 20 years of research on circulating MPs, with particular focus on their clinical relevance. Results: MPs are a heterogeneous population of cell-derived vesicles, with sizes ranging between 50 and 1000 nm. MPs are capable of transferring peptides, proteins, lipid components, microRNA, mRNA, and DNA from one cell to another without direct cell-to-cell contact. Growing evidence suggests that MPs present in peripheral blood and body fluids contribute to the development and progression of cancer, and are of pathophysiological relevance for autoimmune, inflammatory, infectious, cardiovascular, hematological, and other diseases. MPs have large diagnostic potential as biomarkers; however, due to current technological limitations in purification of MPs and an absence of standardized methods of MP detection, challenges remain in validating the potential of MPs as a non-invasive and early diagnostic platform. Conclusions: Improvements in the effective deciphering of MP molecular signatures will be critical not only for diagnostics, but also for the evaluation of treatment regimens and predicting disease outcomes