Stability and rheological properties of beverage emulsions with additive of ghatti gum

W pracy badano wpływ stężenia gumy ghatti (2 -10%) na stabilność i cechy reologiczne emulsji napojowych. Stabilność emulsji oznaczono metodą turbidymetryczną (indeks wielkości cząstek fazy zdyspergowanej i zmętnienie) oraz metodą dyfrakcji laserowej. Test przechowalniczy emulsji napojowych oraz napojów prowadzono przez 12 tygodni. Oznaczano lepkość względną emulsji. Stwierdzono, że guma ghatti tworzy stabilne, co najmniej przez trzy miesiące, emulsje napojowe. Emulsje zawierające mniejsze krople olejowe charakteryzowały się większą względną lepkością i stabilnością. Bardziej stabilne emulsje otrzymano stosując dodatek gumy ghatti w ilości 2-4% niż dodatek 6-10%.The influence of ghatti concentration (2 — 10 wt%) on the stability and rheology of beverage emulsions was studied. The stability of emulsions was determined by turbidimetric method (the droplet size index of dispersed phase and opacity) and laser scattering method. Storage test of emulsions and beverages was carried out for 12 weeks. The relative viscosity of the emulsions was determined. It was found that ghatti gum forms beverage emulsions which are stable for three mouths or more. The emulsions containing smaller droplets demonstrated larger relative viscosity and stability. More stable emulsions were obtained by using ghatti gum in amount 2 - 4 % in comparison to those obtainedfor 6-10%

Effect of homogenisation pressure on the stability of beverage emulsions with addition of modified starch

Celem pracy było określenie wpływu parametrów homogenizacji na stabilność emulsji napojowych. Jako emulgator i zarazem stabilizator emulsji zastosowano skrobię modyfikowaną hydrofobowo. Stabilność emulsji określano na podstawie charakterystyki wielkości cząstek fazy zdyspergowanej, wyników pomiaru czasu załamania emulsji jak również metodą światła wstecznie rozproszonego. Uzyskane wyniki mają ogromne znaczenie techniczno-praktyczne.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of homogenization parameters on the stability of beverage emulsions. Hydrophobically modified starch was applied to emulsify and stabilize the emulsion. The stability was determined on the basis of the characteristics of particle size of dispersed phase and the results of time to breakage of emulsion and by measuring changes in the intensity of backscattered light from the emulsion with height. The results obtained have great technological weight

Lattice Deformation Studies in Silicon Implanted with High-Energy Protons

The deformation of crystal lattice in silicon implanted with protons ofenergy 1.6-9 MeV was studied by means of X-ray topography and double--crystal rocking curve measurements. The samples were investigated as-im-planted and after thermal and electron annealing. The surface relief of theimplanted part of the crystal was also revealed with optical methods. As-im-planted wafers exhibited spherical bending being convex at the implantedside. Thermal and electron annealing caused a dramatic increase in bend-ing of the implanted part while the bending of the remaining part of thesample was reduced. A characteristic behaviour of a double-crystal topo-graphic contrast in the annealed crystals was explained due to bending ofthe shot-through layer along the Gaussian profile

Lattice Deformation Studies in Silicon Implanted with High-Energy Protons

The deformation of crystal lattice in silicon implanted with protons ofenergy 1.6-9 MeV was studied by means of X-ray topography and double--crystal rocking curve measurements. The samples were investigated as-im-planted and after thermal and electron annealing. The surface relief of theimplanted part of the crystal was also revealed with optical methods. As-im-planted wafers exhibited spherical bending being convex at the implantedside. Thermal and electron annealing caused a dramatic increase in bend-ing of the implanted part while the bending of the remaining part of thesample was reduced. A characteristic behaviour of a double-crystal topo-graphic contrast in the annealed crystals was explained due to bending ofthe shot-through layer along the Gaussian profile

Interference Fringes in Synchrotron Section Topography of Implanted Silicon with a Very Large Ion Range

Silicon crystals implanted with 9 MeV protons to the dose of 5x 1017 cm-2were studied with X-ray topographic methods using both conventional andsynchrotron radiation sources. After the implantation the crystals were ther-mally and electron annealed. The implantation produced large 600 pm thickshot-through layer while the total thickness of the samples was 1.6 mm. Itwas confirmed by means of double crystal topography that the whole crys-tal was elastically bent. The transmission section patterns revealed bothparts of the implanted crystal separated by strong contrasts coming fromthe most damaged layer and distinct interference fringes which appeared onone side of the topograph only. The location of the fringes changed when thebeam entered the other side of the sample. The mechanism of fringe forma-tion was studied with numerical integration of the Takagi—Taupin equations,especially studying the intensity distribution in the diffraction plane. Thesimulations reproduced the location of the fringes in different geometriesand indicate that they can be caused both by variable crystal curvature andvariable ion dose

X-Ray Diffraction Patterns in High-Energy Proton Implanted Silicon

Silicon crystals implanted with 1 and 1.6 MeV protons were studied by means of conventional source double-crystal and synchrotron multi-crystal arrangements. Both the rocking curves and series of topographs were recorded in different parallel settings employing different reflections and wavelengths of radiation. A comparison of rocking curves in different regions of implanted areas was performed in synchrotron multi-crystal arrangement with a beam of a very small diameter. The rocking curves exhibited subsidiary interference maxima with increasing periodicity on the low angle side. The plane wave topographs taken at different angular setting revealed characteristic fringes whose number decreased with increasing distance from the main maximum. The fringe pattern did not depend on the direction of the diffraction vector. The number of fringes for equivalent angular distance from the maximum was larger for higher order of reflection. The shape of the rocking curve and other diffraction patterns were reasonably explained assuming the lattice parameter change depth distribution proportional to the profile obtained from the Biersack-Ziegler theory and lateral non-uniformity of ion dose. A good approximation of the experimental results was obtained using numerical integration of the Takagi-Taupin equations

The effect of fertilization with fermentation wastes from biogas plant on the content of live microbial biomass in soil

W pracy przedstawiono wpływ nawożenia gleby odpadem pofermentacyjnym, pochodzącym z biogazowni rolniczej, na zawartość biomasy żywych mikroorganizmów. Analizy laboratoryjne przeprowadzono na próbkach glebowych pobranych z poletek doświadczalnych Zachodniopomorskiego Uniwersytetu Technologicznego w Szczecinie, na których wysiano dwie kombinacje mieszanek traw: M1 – kostrzewa czerwona (Festuca rubra L.), wiechlina łąkowa (Poa pratensis L.), życica trwała (Lolium perenne L.) i M2 – kostrzewa trzcinowata (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.), kostrzewa czerwona (Festuca rubra L.), kostrzewa owcza (Festuca ovina L.), życica trwała (Lolium perenne L.). Badania przeprowadzono w latach 2011 i 2014. Z analizy otrzymanych danych wynika, że na badany wskaźnik biologiczny miał wpływ skład gatunkowy wysianej mieszanki traw oraz intensywność rozkładu odpadu pofermentacyjnego w środowisku glebowym. Na podstawie uzyskanych wyników stwierdzono, że zawartość biomasy żywych drobnoustrojów po pięciu miesiącach od zastosowania pulpy pofermentacyjnej pod uprawą mieszanki traw M2 była większa niż pod uprawą mieszanki traw M1. Wykazano, że po 3 latach od założenia doświadczenia zawartość biomasy żywych mikroorganizmów w glebie zmniejszyła się, za wyjątkiem gleby pochodzącej z poletka obsianego mieszanką M1 nienawożonej odpadem, gdzie utrzymała się na zbliżonym poziomie.The study shows the effect of fertilization with fermentation wastes from agriculture biogas plant on the content of live microbial biomass in soil. Soil samples collected from experimental plots of the West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin were analysed. The combination of two grass mixtures was sown on the experimental plot. Analyses were made in 2011 and 2014. The results showed that the microbial biomass in soil was affected by specific composition of planted grass mixtures and the intensity of decay of fermentation wastes in the soil environment. Five months after the application of post-fermentation wastes, the content of live microbial biomass in soil was bigger under the M2 grass mixture (Festuca arundinacea, Festuca rubra, Festuca ovina and Lolium perenne) than under the M1 mixture (Festuca rubra, Poa pratensis and Lolium perenne). Three years after the beginning of the experiment, the content of live microbial biomass was reduced except in soil sown with the grass mixture M1 without the application of fermentation wastes, where it remained constant