Etat de l’art des méthodes utilisées pour traiter la substitution en analyse du cycle de vie appliquée aux digestats de méthanisation et recommandations pour sa mise en oeuvre

La tâche 1 du projet RéMiProPHYTE a pour objectif d’évaluer l’impact des post-traitements des digestats de méthanisation sur le bilan environnemental de leur filière de valorisation agronomique. Le présent livrable concerne la sous-tâche 1.2, dédiée à l’analyse de la prise en compte dans la littérature de la substitution des produits organiques par les engrais minéraux. Deux types d’analyses de la littérature sont effectuées au cours de ce livrable : - L’étude des différentes méthodes de substitution employées pour substituer les fertilisants minéraux aux digestats. Cette partie comprend aussi un recensement des fertilisants minéraux qui sont substitués. - L’étude de la prise en compte des émissions et rejets liés à l’apport au sol des digestats. Un focus est réalisé sur les émissions générées lors de l’épandage des digestats et des fertilisants minéraux substitués. 41 articles scientifiques portant sur l’ACV de digestats ont été analysés et composent le corpus de références pour cette sous-tâche. Si l’analyse ne dégage pas de consensus sur les deux types de questions étudiées ici, des tendances ressortent cependant et constituent un riche état des lieux des pratiques employées en ACV

ACV appliquée aux matières fertilisantes d'origine résiduaire - Aperçu des données d'émission à l'étape d'épandage

International audienceLCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several inventory completeness issues and among them, the spreading operation emissions. Indeed, organic products contain nutrient elements which turn into air, water and soil emissions after their spreading. LCA practitioners need to consider these quantitative data in order to carry out relevant assessments. Emission data obtained from experimental measurements, as they are specific to each residual organic fertilizing material and each pedoclimatic condition, cannot be used as generic data. Moreover, when the LCA case study is processed based on the primary function “to treat the waste”, the secondary function “to fertilize with organic fertilizers” can be solved by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions. Thus, mineral fertilizers, also having spreading emissions, are often subtracted. This paper aims to present results of a literature review dealing with emission data at the spreading operation, both for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers. A set of 30 papers detailing emission data of organic wastes and mineral fertilizers during the spreading operation was selected from a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers (1) dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading. The selected papers were used to state how the N, P and trace metal element emissions at spreading operation were inventoried, as well as the consideration of C emission and sequestration. Emissions are heterogeneously considered in the case studies. N2O, NH3 and NO3- are usually quantified whereas NOx, N2 and PO43- are often left out of the system. Based on the literature review, it has not been possible to suggest emission values for each type of residual organic fertilizing material. Main conclusions are: •N2O : their value ranges are quite consensual (0,17%-2% for direct emissions, 1% of N emitted as NH3 and NOx and 0,75-2% of N emitted as NO3- for indirect emissions (2) ). •As NH3 emissions are very variable, a pedoclimatic model should be used. There is a high variability on nitrate models, which should be better investigated. •NO3- emissions into water have a great variability, either on the emission rate value or on the different forms N is expressed (leakages or run-off of total N, N-NH4…). •NOx are expressed as a % of direct and/or indirect N2O emission produced during denitrification. •N2 is rarely considered, whereas it should be in order to equilibrate the N mass balance and check that no N is artificially created or lost. •PO43- leakages are in a range value of 1,7% to 10% of P. •For climate change, biogenic carbon is hardly ever considered. Trace metal concentration is barely considered and constitutes a subject to explore especially concerning toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts. The spreading emissions of mineral fertilizers are not often considered. Emission rates are issued from the same sources as for organic products, and their values are very close. The influence of the spreading emissions of the organic products and the substituted mineral fertilizers on the LCA results has been noticed several times. Over all, the impact of the spreading operation has been pointed out because of the NH3 contribution to acidification and the NH3 and nitrate contributions to eutrophication. The impact of the spreading operation on climate change due to N2O emissions, on eutrophication due to phosphate emissions, on particulate matter formation due to NOx emissions has also been detected. Those results tempt to pay particular attention to the inventory emissions. The review led to an overview of the emission inventory data for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers at the spreading operation. A value range has been proposed for each P-based and N-based emission and when it was not possible, variability has been highlighted. The infrequent consideration of carbon fate and trace metals in LCA case studies has been pointed out. The impact of the inventory emissions on results has been assessed to be weighty and leads to recommendations for LCA practitioners in waste management. (1) The corpus was constituted using queries with the keyword groups: digestate, mineral fertilizer, LCA, substitution, allocation (2) Direct N2O emissions are emitted during the nitrification and denitrification processes during the nitrogen cycle. Indirect N2O emissions are emitted from NH3, NOx and NO3- emissions

ACV appliquée aux matières fertilisantes d'origine résiduaire - Aperçu des données d'émission à l'étape d'épandage

International audienceLCA case studies applied to waste management options of organic products face several inventory completeness issues and among them, the spreading operation emissions. Indeed, organic products contain nutrient elements which turn into air, water and soil emissions after their spreading. LCA practitioners need to consider these quantitative data in order to carry out relevant assessments. Emission data obtained from experimental measurements, as they are specific to each residual organic fertilizing material and each pedoclimatic condition, cannot be used as generic data. Moreover, when the LCA case study is processed based on the primary function “to treat the waste”, the secondary function “to fertilize with organic fertilizers” can be solved by system expansion by subtracting the secondary functions. Thus, mineral fertilizers, also having spreading emissions, are often subtracted. This paper aims to present results of a literature review dealing with emission data at the spreading operation, both for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers. A set of 30 papers detailing emission data of organic wastes and mineral fertilizers during the spreading operation was selected from a corpus of 132 peer-reviewed papers (1) dealing with LCA case studies of residual organic fertilizing materials including land spreading. The selected papers were used to state how the N, P and trace metal element emissions at spreading operation were inventoried, as well as the consideration of C emission and sequestration. Emissions are heterogeneously considered in the case studies. N2O, NH3 and NO3- are usually quantified whereas NOx, N2 and PO43- are often left out of the system. Based on the literature review, it has not been possible to suggest emission values for each type of residual organic fertilizing material. Main conclusions are: •N2O : their value ranges are quite consensual (0,17%-2% for direct emissions, 1% of N emitted as NH3 and NOx and 0,75-2% of N emitted as NO3- for indirect emissions (2) ). •As NH3 emissions are very variable, a pedoclimatic model should be used. There is a high variability on nitrate models, which should be better investigated. •NO3- emissions into water have a great variability, either on the emission rate value or on the different forms N is expressed (leakages or run-off of total N, N-NH4…). •NOx are expressed as a % of direct and/or indirect N2O emission produced during denitrification. •N2 is rarely considered, whereas it should be in order to equilibrate the N mass balance and check that no N is artificially created or lost. •PO43- leakages are in a range value of 1,7% to 10% of P. •For climate change, biogenic carbon is hardly ever considered. Trace metal concentration is barely considered and constitutes a subject to explore especially concerning toxicity and ecotoxicity impacts. The spreading emissions of mineral fertilizers are not often considered. Emission rates are issued from the same sources as for organic products, and their values are very close. The influence of the spreading emissions of the organic products and the substituted mineral fertilizers on the LCA results has been noticed several times. Over all, the impact of the spreading operation has been pointed out because of the NH3 contribution to acidification and the NH3 and nitrate contributions to eutrophication. The impact of the spreading operation on climate change due to N2O emissions, on eutrophication due to phosphate emissions, on particulate matter formation due to NOx emissions has also been detected. Those results tempt to pay particular attention to the inventory emissions. The review led to an overview of the emission inventory data for residual organic fertilizing materials and mineral fertilizers at the spreading operation. A value range has been proposed for each P-based and N-based emission and when it was not possible, variability has been highlighted. The infrequent consideration of carbon fate and trace metals in LCA case studies has been pointed out. The impact of the inventory emissions on results has been assessed to be weighty and leads to recommendations for LCA practitioners in waste management. (1) The corpus was constituted using queries with the keyword groups: digestate, mineral fertilizer, LCA, substitution, allocation (2) Direct N2O emissions are emitted during the nitrification and denitrification processes during the nitrogen cycle. Indirect N2O emissions are emitted from NH3, NOx and NO3- emissions

Emergency ‘constitutional plumbing’ has reached its limits coping with devolution. it’s time for a new institutional architecture

The British way of bodged, incremental constitutional reform is patently inadequate for the demands of devolution to Scotland and elsewhere, James Mitchell argues. Whatever the outcome of a future referendum in Scotland, much better planned reforms and a new institutional architecture are needed in the UK or rUK – such as replacing the House of Lords with a House of Nations and Regions

Post-treatment of digestate from farm and collective biogas plants : What about eco-efficiency and nutrient recycling?

International audienceAnaerobic digestion (AD) of organic waste from agriculture and others sectors is a widely used technology which shows increasing implementation due to its capacity to produce renewable energy and also to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from waste management. The development of AD is also an opportunity to improve nutrient recycling from organic waste through the development of an eco-efficient post-treatment system. In this context, LCA was applied to evaluate the sustainability of different raw digestate post-treatment technologies regarding recycling of nutrients from agricultural and organic waste to agricultural soils for decreased resource depletion and climate mitigation. Substitution of the use of N and P mineral fertilizers with recycled soil health improver or organic fertilizers products as function of five different post-treatment technologies and raw digestate characteristics was evaluated. A particular attention was carried to (1) the gaseous emissions (NH3 and N2O) from process (post-treatment) but also after land spreading and (2) the carbon cycle considering the CO2 carbon costs of fertiliser production and the soil carbon sequestration benefit