L'évaluation des ressources exploitables par la pêche artisanale sénégalaise : documents scientifiques présentés lors du symposium

Les paramètres vent et surface ont été analysés dans cette étude. La moyenne mensuelle des vitesses du vent montre, que celle-ci est maximale en Avril et minimale en Août. L'indice d'upwelling calculé à partir de ces données met en évidence une forte variabilité de l'upwelling entre 1964 et 1991. Au sud du Cap-Vert, l'indice d'upwelling est positif toute l'année tandis qu'au nord, il s'annule et devient négatif entre juin et septembre. Les températures moyennes mensuelles mettent en évidence un minimum en février-mars et un maximum en août. Les moyennes annuelles des températures, du vent et de l'indice d'upwelling indiquent que les années les plus froides avec les vitesses de vent et les indices d'upwelling les plus élevées sont observées entre 1972 et 1977 et entre 1985-1986. Depuis 1988, on observe une baisse progressive des températures et inversement une hausse des vitesses du vent et des indices d'upwelling. (Résumé d'auteur

Focusing on monofilament nets while overlooking the priorities of artisanal fisheries governance in Senegal

Despite its legal prohibition since 1998, the nylon monofilament net is still widely used in Senegalese artisanal fisheries. To achieve a complete ban on monofilament use, it is necessary to understand the main arguments for its continued use and  what alternatives exist. Using a field experiment among local fishers as well as  empirical knowledge and a literature review, this article highlights the challenges to the eradication of nylon monofilament. Our study shows that in a context where decision-makers pay too much attention to social, economic and political stakes, the efficiency of nylon monofilament nets confers a major advantage upon which fishers rely, and this counters any regulatory action against this type of gear.  Moreover, numerous studies globally have indicated that communication campaigns that focus on the ghost-fishing power of this type of net seem to be inappropriate. We concluded that the issue of continued use of monofilament should be addressed through an integrated fisheries management programme that reduces overcapacity and fosters sustainable fishing practices.Keywords: coastal fisheries, economic profitability, efficiency, environmental  impacts, fishing gear, gillnets, ghost fishing, integrated management, management responses, overcapacity, sustainable practice

Differences in HIV-2 plasma viral load and immune activation in HIV-1 and HIV-2 dually infected persons and those infected with HIV-2 only in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire

Not the final published versionOBJECTIVE: To determine whether blood plasma levels of HIV-2 RNA viral loads and immune activation markers differ between persons infected with HIV-2 only and those dually infected with HIV-1 and HIV-2. METHODS: Between September 1996 and February 2000, we collected, analyzed and compared levels of HIV-2 RNA in plasma and immune activation markers among 52 persons infected with HIV-2 alone and 75 with confirmed dual infection. We also compared viral load and immune activation in patients who were infected with HIV-1 only and those who were dually infected. RESULTS: When we conducted a CD4 T-cell count-stratified multivariate analysis of HIV-2 viral load, controlling for difference in CD4 T-cell counts, age and sex: at 500 x 10/l, HIV-2 viral load was 0.9 log10 copies/ml higher in dually infected patients (P < 0.0001). Dually infected persons with undetectable HIV-2 viral loads had significantly higher median levels of CD8 T cells expressing CD38 (P < 0.001) and HLA-DR (P = 0.01) than HIV-2 only infected patients. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that in dual infection, the level of HIV-2 replication depends on the immune status of the patients, with HIV-1 out-replicating HIV-2 as disease progress