Vascular risk factors in glaucoma: The results of a national survey

Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology Volume 245, Issue 6, 1 June 2007, Pages 795-802 Vascular risk factors in glaucoma: The results of a national survey (Article) Orzalesi, N.a , Rossetti, L.a, Omboni, S.b, Sborgia, C.c, Vetrugno, M.c, Cantatore, F.c, Campos, E.d, Baldi, A.d, Quaranta, L.e, Serra, A.f, Zucca, I.f, Mura, M.f, Malocci, M.f, Uva, M.g, Longo, A.g, Lombardo, A.g, Scorcia, G.h, Moschettini, R.h, Gallenga, P.E.i, Mastropasqua, L.i, Ciancaglini, M.i, Carpineto, P.i, Lobefalo, L.i, Perri, P.j, Paduano, B.j, Alfieri, G.k, Menchini, U.k, Campana, F.k, Giansanti, F.k, Delle Noci, N.l, Balducci, F.l, Calabria, G.m, Saccà, S.m, Sanna, G.m, Camicione, P.m, Mastromarino, A.m, Balestrazzi, E.n, Di Staso, S.n, Ferreri, G.o, D’Andrea, A.o, Orzalesi, N.p, Rossetti, L.p, Fogagnolo, P.p, Mazzolani, F.p, Brancato, R.q, Carassa, R.q, Bettin, P.q, Fiori, M.q, Guerra, R.r, Martini, E.r, Scarale, G.r, Campi, L.r, Bonavolontà, G.s, Rinaldi, E.s, Di Meo, A.s, Fusco, R.s, Dorigo, M.T.t, Doro, D.t, Grgic, V.t, Lodato, G.u, Morreale Bubella, D.u, Signorelli, F.u, Gandolfi, S.v, Trimarchi, F.w, Milano, G.w, Fiore, C.x, De Carolis, A.x, Sbordone, G.x, Nardi, M.y, Bartolomei, M.P.y, Figus, M.y, Guidi, G.y, Scullica, L.z, Salgarello, T.z, Colotto, A.z, Bucci, M.G.aa, Cerulli, L.aa, Manni, G.L.aa, Centofanti, M.aa, Parravano, M.aa, Scuderi, G.aa, Nucci, C.aa, Carta, F.ab, Pinna, A.ab, Caporossi, A.ac, Frezzotti, P.ac, Grignolo, F.ad, Brogliatti, B.ad, Rolle, T.ad, Ravalico, G.ae, Vattovani, O.ae, Tritto, D.ae, Canziani, T.ae, Marchini, G.af, Marraffa, M.af, OPTIME Study Group (Osservatorio sulla Patologia glaucomatosa, Indagine Medico Epidemiologica)ag, CONPROSO (Collegio Nazionale dei Professori Ordinari di Scienze Oftalmologiche)ah Hide additional authors a Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Milan, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy b Docleader Srl, Somma Lombardo, VA, Italy c University of Bari, Italy View additional affiliations View references (52) Abstract Background The role of vascular risk factors in glaucoma is still being debated. To assess the importance of vascular risk factors in patients with primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG), data from the medical history of 2,879 POAG patients and 973 age-matched controls were collected and analyzed. Methods Design: observational survey. Setting: 35 Italian academic centers. Study population: POAG patients and age-matched controls. In order to reduce bias consecutive patients were included. Observation procedures: data concerning vascular risk factors were collected for all patients with a detailed questionnaire. A complete ophthalmological examination with assessment of intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field, optic disc, and systemic blood pressure was performed. Main outcome measures: the ESH-ESC (European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology) guidelines were used to calculate the level of cardiovascular risk. Crude and adjusted estimates of the odds ratios (OR) were calculated for all cardiovascular risk factors in POAG and controls. Results The study included 2,879 POAG patients and 973 controls. POAG cases had a significantly higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure (p=0.001) and systolic perfusion pressure (p=0.02) as compared with controls. Also mean IOP was significantly higher in the POAG group (p=0.01), while diastolic perfusion pressure was not significantly different in the two groups. Myopia was more prevalent in the POAG group (23 vs 18%, p=0.005) as well as a positive family history for glaucoma (26 vs 12%, p= 0.004). POAG patients tended to have a higher cardiovascular risk than controls: 63% of glaucoma cases vs 55% of controls (OR: 1.38, p=0.005) had a “high” or “very high” cardiovascular risk. Conclusions The level of cardiovascular risk was significantly higher in glaucoma patients than in controls. © Springer-Verlag 2006

Dietary intake and major food sources of polyphenols in people with type 2 diabetes: The TOSCA.IT Study

Purpose: Proper evaluation of polyphenols intake at the population level is a necessary step in order to establish possible associations with health outcomes. Available data are limited, and so far no study has been performed in people with diabetes. The aim of this work was to document the intake of polyphenols and their major food sources in a cohort of people with type 2 diabetes and in socio-demographic subgroups. Methods: We studied 2573 men and women aged 50â\u80\u9375 years. Among others, anthropometry was measured by standard protocol and dietary habits were investigated by food frequency questionnaire (EPIC). The intake of polyphenols was evaluated using US Department of Agriculture and Phenol-Explorer databases. Results: The mean total polyphenol intake was 683.3 ± 5.8 mg/day. Non-alcoholic beverages represented the main food source of dietary polyphenols and provided 35.5% of total polyphenol intake, followed by fruits (23.0%), alcoholic beverages (14.0%), vegetables (12.4%), cereal products and tubers (4.6%), legumes (3.7%) and oils (2.1%); chocolate, cakes and nuts are negligible sources of polyphenols in this cohort. The two most important polyphenol classes contributing to the total intake were flavonoids (47.5%) and phenolic acids (47.4%). Polyphenol intake increased with age and education level and decreased with BMI; furthermore, in the northern regions of Italy, the polyphenol intake was slightly, but significantly higher than in the central or southern regions. Conclusions: The study documents for the first time the intake of polyphenols and their main food sources in people with diabetes using validated and complete databases of the polyphenol content of food. Compared with published data, collected in people without diabetes, these results suggest a lower intake and a different pattern of intake in people with diabetes