A Unique Automation Platform for Measuring Low Level Radioactivity in Metabolite Identification Studies

Generation and interpretation of biotransformation data on drugs, i.e. identification of physiologically relevant metabolites, defining metabolic pathways and elucidation of metabolite structures, have become increasingly important to the drug development process. Profiling using 14C or 3H radiolabel is defined as the chromatographic separation and quantification of drug-related material in a given biological sample derived from an in vitro, preclinical in vivo or clinical study. Metabolite profiling is a very time intensive activity, particularly for preclinical in vivo or clinical studies which have defined limitations on radiation burden and exposure levels. A clear gap exists for certain studies which do not require specialized high volume automation technologies, yet these studies would still clearly benefit from automation. Use of radiolabeled compounds in preclinical and clinical ADME studies, specifically for metabolite profiling and identification are a very good example. The current lack of automation for measuring low level radioactivity in metabolite profiling requires substantial capacity, personal attention and resources from laboratory scientists. To help address these challenges and improve efficiency, we have innovated, developed and implemented a novel and flexible automation platform that integrates a robotic plate handling platform, HPLC or UPLC system, mass spectrometer and an automated fraction collector

Distribution and conservation status of the trees and shrubs of the Polylepis genus (Rosaceae) in the mountains of Argentina

El género Polylepis es endémico de las montañas de Sudamérica. Sus especies frecuentemente dominan la canopia de bosques y arbustales cuya conservación y restauración son una prioridad a nivel continental. En Argentina, el género incluye cinco especies que se distribuyen en las montañas del centro y noroeste del país. Sus distribuciones, amenazas y estados de conservación están poco documentados e incluso existen fuertes controversias sobre el grado en que el Hombre ha impactado en la cobertura, la estructura y la distribución de estos bosques. Para contribuir a revertir esta situación confeccionamos modelos potenciales por especie que sugieren 14800 km2 aptos para la presencia de al menos una de las cinco especies. Evaluamos 490 parcelas de 3600 m2 distribuidas en 43 localidades y para cada especie describimos los bosques en mejor estado de conservación que de manera tentativa podrían usarse como referencia para determinar metas de conservación y en trabajos de restauración. En tres de las cinco especies encontramos evidencias de fuego en más de 60% de las parcelas visitadas. Muchas localidades presentaban suelos con evidencias de erosión y escasa cobertura de vegetación, así como una baja cobertura y complejidad estructural de bosque. Consideramos que Argentina ofrece buenas oportunidades para la conservación y restauración de estos bosques ya que aún quedan grandes extensiones, numerosos relictos, y en muchas áreas la presión antrópica ha disminuido. Es prioritario reducir los fuegos, establecer más y mejores áreas protegidas y, en particular en el noroeste Argentino, tener un mejor conocimiento de la ecología de cada especie y desarrollar métodos para restaurar sus bosques.The genus Polylepis is endemic to the mountains of South America. Species of this genus frequently dominate the canopy of forests and shrublands whose conservation and restoration is a priority at a continental scale. The five species described for Argentina are distributed in the mountains central and northwestern Argentina. Their distribution, threats and conservation status are poorly described and the degree to which humans have impacted their cover, structure and distribution is controversial. We modeled the distribution per species. Models suggest an area of 14800 km2 environmentally suitable for at least one of the five species. We surveyed 490 plots of 3600 m2 distributed in 43 locations and for each species we describe the best preserved forests which could tentatively be used as reference sites when determining conservation and restoration goals. In three of the species we recorded fire evidences in over 60% of the visited plots. Soil erosion was evident in several localities and many forests presented low cover and structural complexity. Argentina provides good opportunities for the conservation and restoration of these forests as there still remain extensive forests, numerous relicts, and in many areas human impacts have been decreasing. It is important to reduce fire events, establish more and better protected areas, to have a better knowledge on the ecology of each species and to develop methods to restore forests, especially in northwestern Argentina.Fil: Renison, Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas; Argentina. Asociación Civil Ecosistemas Argentinos; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Físicas y Naturales; ArgentinaFil: Cuyckens, Griet An Erica. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Cátedra de Ecología de Comunidades; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas; ArgentinaFil: Pacheco, Silvia. Fundación ProYungas; ArgentinaFil: Guzmán, Gustavo F.. Universidad Nacional de Jujuy. Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias; ArgentinaFil: Grau, Hector Ricardo. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Ecología Regional.; ArgentinaFil: Marcora, Paula Inés. Asociación Civil Ecosistemas Argentinos; Argentina. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Robledo, Gerardo Lucio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; ArgentinaFil: Cingolani, Ana María. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Vegetal; Argentina. Asociación Civil Ecosistemas Argentinos; ArgentinaFil: Domínguez, Julio. Asociación Civil Ecosistemas Argentinos; ArgentinaFil: Landi, Marcos Alejandro. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Bellis, Laura Marisa. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Córdoba. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal. Universidad Nacional de Córdoba. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas Físicas y Naturales. Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal; ArgentinaFil: Hensen, Isabel. Martin Luther University; Alemani

Relationship between the Composition of Flavonoids and Flower Colors Variation in Tropical Water Lily (Nymphaea) Cultivars

Water lily, the member of the Nymphaeaceae family, is the symbol of Buddhism and Brahmanism in India. Despite its limited researches on flower color variations and formation mechanism, water lily has background of blue flowers and displays an exceptionally wide diversity of flower colors from purple, red, blue to yellow, in nature. In this study, 34 flavonoids were identified among 35 tropical cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array detection (DAD) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). Among them, four anthocyanins: delphinidin 3-O-rhamnosyl-5-O-galactoside (Dp3Rh5Ga), delphinidin 3-O-(2″-O-galloyl-6″-O-oxalyl-rhamnoside) (Dp3galloyl-oxalylRh), delphinidin 3-O-(6″-O-acetyl-β-glucopyranoside) (Dp3acetylG) and cyanidin 3- O-(2″-O-galloyl-galactopyranoside)-5-O-rhamnoside (Cy3galloylGa5Rh), one chalcone: chalcononaringenin 2′-O-galactoside (Chal2′Ga) and twelve flavonols: myricetin 7-O-rhamnosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (My7RhRh), quercetin 7-O-galactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Qu7GaRh), quercetin 7-O-galactoside (Qu7Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Km7GaRh), myricetin 3-O-galactoside (My3Ga), kaempferol 7-O-galloylgalactosyl-(1→2)-rhamnoside (Km7galloylGaRh), myricetin 3-O-galloylrhamnoside (My3galloylRh), kaempferol 3-O-galactoside (Km3Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-galactoside (Is7Ga), isorhamnetin 7-O-xyloside (Is7Xy), kaempferol 3-O-(3″-acetylrhamnoside) (Km3-3″acetylRh) and quercetin 3-O-acetylgalactoside (Qu3acetylGa) were identified in the petals of tropic water lily for the first time. Meanwhile a multivariate analysis was used to explore the relationship between pigments and flower color. By comparing, the cultivars which were detected delphinidin 3-galactoside (Dp3Ga) presented amaranth, and detected delphinidin 3′-galactoside (Dp3′Ga) presented blue. However, the derivatives of delphinidin and cyanidin were more complicated in red group. No anthocyanins were detected within white and yellow group. At the same time a possible flavonoid biosynthesis pathway of tropical water lily was presumed putatively. These studies will help to elucidate the evolution mechanism on the formation of flower colors and provide theoretical basis for outcross breeding and developing health care products from this plant

Triterpene Saponins from the Aerial Parts of Trifolium medium L. var. sarosiense

Seven previously unreported triterpene glycosides (1−7) were isolated from methanol extract of the aerial parts of Trifolium medium var. sarosiense (zigzag clover). Their structures were established by the extensive use of 1D and 2D NMR experiments along with ESI-MS and HRMS analyses. Compounds 1−7 are oleanane derivatives characterized by the presence of a keto group at C-22 of an aglycone and a primary alcoholic function at C-24 and differing functions at C-30. Among these, compounds 1−3 and 6 showed a secondary alcoholic function at C-11, which is methoxylated in compounds 4 and 7. Compound 5 was shown to possess a known aglycone, wistariasapogenol A; however, it is described here for the first time as a saponin constituent of the Trifolium genus. Some aspects of taxonomic classification of zigzag clover are also discussed