A Survey of the Reptiles and Amphibians at the University of Georgia Costa Rica Field Station in San Luis de Monteverde, Costa Rica

Reptiles and amphibians are experiencing declines across the globe. In Monteverde, Costa Rica, these declines and their underlying causes have been relatively well studied since the early 1990s, and many protected areas have been set aside to conserve these species. However, thorough surveys of the herpetofaunal diversity in these areas have been scarce over the last 20 years. We conducted a survey of all reptile and amphibian species at the University of Georgia Costa Rica (UGACR), a field station in San Luis de Monteverde. Herein, we present an annotated checklist of the 48 species (35 reptiles and 13 amphibians) that we encountered. While we did not find any exceptionally rare or endangered species, the number of species we encountered is disproportionately high given the small plot of land occupied by UGACR. This underscores the importance of conducting regular diversity surveys in biodiversity hotspots as a means to better inform conservation efforts

Ecological drivers of ultraviolet colour evolution in snakes

Abstract Ultraviolet (UV) colour patterns invisible to humans are widespread in nature. However, research bias favouring species with conspicuous colours under sexual selection can limit our assessment of other ecological drivers of UV colour, like interactions between predators and prey. Here we demonstrate widespread UV colouration across Western Hemisphere snakes and find stronger support for a predator defence function than for reproduction. We find that UV colouration has evolved repeatedly in species with ecologies most sensitive to bird predation, with no sexual dichromatism at any life stage. By modelling visual systems of potential predators, we find that snake conspicuousness correlates with UV colouration and predator cone number, providing a plausible mechanism for selection. Our results suggest that UV reflectance should not be assumed absent in “cryptically coloured” animals, as signalling beyond human visual capacities may be a key outcome of species interactions in many taxa for which UV colour is likely underreported

A survey of the reptiles and amphibians at the University of Georgia Costa Rica field station in San Luis de Monteverde, Costa Rica

Reptiles and amphibians are experiencing declines across the globe. In Monteverde, Costa Rica, these declines and their underlying causes have been relatively well studied since the early 1990s, and many protected areas have been set aside to conserve these species. However, thorough surveys of the herpetofaunal diversity in these areas have been scarce over the last 20 years. We conducted a survey of all reptile and amphibian species at the University of Georgia Costa Rica (UGACR), a field station in San Luis de Monteverde. Herein, we present an annotated checklist of the 48 species (35 reptiles and 13 amphibians) that we encountered. While we did not find any exceptionally rare or endangered species, the number of species we encountered is disproportionately high given the small plot of land occupied by UGACR. This underscores the importance of conducting regular diversity surveys in biodiversity hotspots as a means to better inform conservation efforts

Thermal Physiology and Thermoregulatory Behaviour Exhibit Low Heritability Despite Genetic Divergence between Lizard Populations

© 2018 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Ectothermic species are particularly sensitive to changes in temperature and may adapt to changes in thermal environments through evolutionary shifts in thermal physiology or thermoregulatory behaviour. Nevertheless, the heritability of thermal traits, which sets a limit on evolutionary potential, remains largely unexplored. In this study, we captured brown anole lizards (Anolis sagrei) from two populations that occur in contrasting thermal environments. We raised offspring from these populations in a laboratory common garden and compared the shape of their thermal performance curves to test for genetic divergence in thermal physiology. Thermal performance curves differed between populations in a common garden in ways partially consistent with divergent patterns of natural selection experienced by the source populations, implying that they had evolved in response to selection. Next, we estimated the heritability of thermal performance curves and of several traits related to thermoregulatory behaviour. We did not detect significant heritability in most components of the thermal performance curve or in several aspects of thermoregulatory behaviour, suggesting that contemporary selection is unlikely to result in rapid evolution. Our results indicate that the response to selection may be slow in the brown anole and that evolutionary change is unlikely to keep pace with current rates of environmental change

Habitat structure mediates vulnerability to climate change through its effects on thermoregulatory behavior

Tropical ectotherms are thought to be especially vulnerable to climate change because they are thermal specialists, having evolved in aseasonal thermal environments. However, even within the tropics, habitat structure can influence opportunities for behavioral thermoregulation. Open (and edge) habitats likely promote more effective thermoregulation due to the high spatial heterogeneity of the thermal landscape, while forests are thermally homogenous and may constrain opportunities for behavioral buffering of environmental temperatures. Nevertheless, the ways in which behavior and physiology interact at local scales to influence the response to climate change are rarely investigated. We examined the thermal ecology and physiology of two lizard species that occupy distinct environments in the tropics. The brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei) lives along forest edges in The Bahamas, whereas the Panamanian slender anole (Anolis apletophallus) lives under the canopy of mature forests in Panama. We combined detailed estimates of environmental variation, thermoregulatory behavior, and physiology to model the vulnerability of each of these species. Our projections suggest that forest-dwelling slender anoles will experience severely reduced locomotor performance, activity time, and energy budgets as the climate warms over the coming century. Conversely, the forest-edge dwelling brown anoles may use behavioral compensation in the face of warming, maintaining population viability for many decades. Our results indicate that local habitat variation, through its effects on behavior and physiology, is a major determinant of vulnerability to climate change. When attempting to predict the impacts of climate change on a given population, broad-scale characteristics such as latitude may have limited predictive power.This Neel_Anole_Biotropica_readme.txt file was generated on 2021-03-29 by Lauren Neel GENERAL INFORMATION 1. Title of manuscript: Habitat structure mediates vulnerability to climate change through its effects on thermoregulatory behavior 2. Author Information A. Lead Author Contact Information Name: Lauren Neel Institution: Arizona State University Address: Tempe, AZ, USA Email: [email protected] B. Associate or Co-investigator Contact Information Name: Mike Logan Institution: University Nevada - Reno Address: Reno, NV, USA Email: [email protected] 3. Date of data collection (single date, range, approximate date): Please see Table S1 in the manuscript for this detailed information. 4. Geographic location of data collection: 1. Great Exuma, The Bahamas 2. Gamboa, Panama 5. Information about funding sources that supported the collection of the data: Our methods were approved by the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol 2017-0308-2020-A5), Harvard University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (protocol 26-11), MiAmbiente research permit SE/A-37-19, and the BEST commission research permit. Funding for this project was provided by a USAID Global Development Research Fellowship awarded to L. Neel, a STRI-ASU Collaborative Initiative Research Grant awarded to L. Neel and M. Logan, a Smithsonian Institution Biodiversity Genomics Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to M. Logan, a Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Earl S. Tupper Postdoctoral Fellowship awarded to M. Logan, a NERC studentship (NE/L002485/1) awarded to D. Nicholson, a Smithsonian Pre-Doctoral Fellowship awarded to D. Nicholson, a STRI Short-Term Fellowship awarded to A. Chung, Georgia Southern University Graduate Student Organization Professional Development grants awarded to A. Chung and J. Curlis, American Museum of Natural History Theodore Roosevelt grants awarded to A. Chung and J. Curlis, and a John Templeton Foundation grant awarded to J. Losos (the opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the John Templeton Foundation). The authors thank Lil Camacho, Adriana Bilgray, Paola Gomez, and Raineldo Urriola for administrative support at STRI. SHARING/ACCESS INFORMATION 1. Licenses/restrictions placed on the data: n/a 2. Links to publications that cite or use the data: n/a 3. Links to other publicly accessible locations of the data: n/a 4. Links/relationships to ancillary data sets: n/a 5. Was data derived from another source? no DATA & FILE OVERVIEW 1. File List: "2017-2018 Panama and Bahamas CTmin UVT.csv" - file containing thermal tolerance data "activity_time_model_panama.xlsx" - file containing modeled body temperature data for Panama, generated using regression equation from present day body temperature (Tb) and operative temperature (Te) data. Body temps modeled for a 3C warming event occurring over 100 years. Activity is assumed to be possible whenever Tb is below upper voluntary temperatures. "activity_time_model_bahamas.xlsx" - file containing modeled body temperature data for The Bahamas, generated using regression equation from present day body temperature (Tb) and operative temperature (Te) data. Body temps modeled for a 3C warming event occurring over 100 years. Activity is assumed to be possible whenever Tb is below upper voluntary temperatures. "Anole Mainland Tb.csv" - field active body temperature data "combined mainland data sheet.csv" - file containing Tb and Te when captured, thermal tolerance, field data, mass, svl "combined mainland Tpref.csv" - file containing more detailed thermal preference data "metabolism.csv" - file containing lizard sex, mass, oxygen consumed, trial temperature, and calculated Q10 values "MR modeling panama.xlsx" - file containing modeled body temperature data and oxygen consumption for 3C warming event, assuming current relationship between metabolism and temperature in Panama "MR modeling bahamas.xlsx" - file containing modeled body temperature data and oxygen consumption for 3C warming event, assuming current relationship between metabolism and temperature in The Bahamas "Sprint projection panama.xlsx" - file containing modeled body temperature data and sprint speeds for 3C warming event, assuming current relationship between locomotor performance and temperature in Panama "Sprint projection bahamas.xlsx" - file containing modeled body temperature data and sprint speeds for 3C warming event, assuming current relationship between locomotor performance and temperature in The Bahamas "sprint_thermal_sensitivity.csv" - file containing thermal sensitivity of locomotor performance data "TbTe_andmass.xlsx" - file containing lizard mass, Tb when caught, and average Te when caught. Regression equation from Tb plotted as function of Te retained to incorporate thermoregulation when modeling body temperatures under 3C warming scenario. "Hourly_Te.xlsx" - file containing summary hourly operative environmental data "daily_nightly_summary_Te.xlsx" - daily and nightly summary operative environmental data "monthly weather station data bahamas.xlsx" - monthly weather station air temperature data in the Bahamas "monthly weather station data panama.xlsx" - monthly weather station air temperature data in Panama 2. Relationship between files, if important: n/a 3. Additional related data collected that was not included in the current data package: no 4. Are there multiple versions of the dataset? no A. If yes, name of file(s) that was updated: i. Why was the file updated? ii. When was the file updated? METHODOLOGICAL INFORMATION 1. Description of methods used for collection/generation of data: Please read the full materials and methods section of our manuscript for this detailed information. 2. Methods for processing the data: Please read the full materials and methods section of our manuscript for this detailed information. 3. Instrument- or software-specific information needed to interpret the data: Model comparisons were conducted with the MUMIN package in R version 3.6.2 (R Core Team 2020). 4. Standards and calibration information, if appropriate: n/a 5. Environmental/experimental conditions: n/a 6. Describe any quality-assurance procedures performed on the data: n/a 7. People involved with sample collection, processing, analysis and/or submission: all authors were involved with some combination of these items. DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [2017-2018 Panama and Bahamas CTmin UVT.csv] 1. Number of variables: 4 2. Number of cases/rows: 1909 3. Variable List: Country - population of individual sampled Year - year data collected Ctmin - critical thermal minima (C) UVT - upper voluntary temperature (C) 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [activity_time_model_panama.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 4 2. Number of cases/rows: 82 3. Variable List: Hours active - total number annual hours where predicted Tb was within preferred thermal range (CTmin - UVT) Year - year data modeled Daily hours - total number daily hours where predicted Tb was within preferred thermal range (CTmin - UVT) % annual hours - percentage of annual hours where predicted Tb within preferred thermal range 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [activity_time_model_bahamas.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 4 2. Number of cases/rows: 82 3. Variable List: Hours active - total number annual hours where predicted Tb was within preferred thermal range (CTmin - UVT) Year - year data modeled Daily hours - total number daily hours where predicted Tb was within preferred thermal range (CTmin - UVT) % annual hours - percentage of annual hours where predicted Tb within preferred thermal range 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Anole Mainland Tb.csv] 1. Number of variables: 4 2. Number of cases/rows: 1426 3. Variable List: Lizard ID - Lizard identifier Date capture - date sampled Capture_site - population Tb - field active body temperature (C) 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [combined mainland data sheet.csv] 1. Number of variables: 11 2. Number of cases/rows: 2013 3. Variable List: Lizard ID - Lizard identifier Country - population of individual sampled Year - year data collected Timecaptured - time animal captured Tb - field active body temp (C) Te - average operative temperature (C) at time lizard caught CTmin - lower thermal limit (C) UVT - upper voluntary thermal limit (C) Sex - sex m/f Mass_g - mass (g) SVL_mm - Snout vent length (mm) 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [combined mainland Tpref.csv] 1. Number of variables: 17 2. Number of cases/rows: 120 3. Variable List: Country - population of individual sampled Trial date - date of trial Time trial began - trial start time Lizard ID - Lizard identifier Mass - mass (g) SVL_mm - Snout vent length (mm) Sex - sex m/f Tpref_mean - mean thermal preference (C) Tpref_median - median thermal preference (C) Tpref_min - min thermal preference (C) Tpref_max - max thermal preference (C) Tpref_range - range of thermal preference (C) Tpref_StdDev - standard deviation of preferred temps (C) Tpref_25thq - 25th quartile of thermal preference (C) Tpref_75thq - 25th quartile of thermal preference (C) IQR - interquartile range (C) TC # - thermocouple number 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. ? - means data weren't collected for unknown reasons. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [metabolism.csv] 1. Number of variables: 9 2. Number of cases/rows: 145 3. Variable List: Lizard - Lizard identifier Country - population of individual sampled Year - year data collected Sex - sex m/f Mass - mass (g) Total o2 consumed per hourly - total hourly oxygen consumed Temp - trial temperature (C) Q10 - calculated Q10 value LH - low/high temp.. used to code in stats 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [MR modeling bahamas.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 7 2. Number of cases/rows: 82 3. Variable List: Te - average annual operative temperature incorporating 3C uniform warming scenario occurring through century's end Year - year Predicted Tb - predicted body temperature (C) given operative temperature under warming scenario, adjusted to incorporate thermoregulation (via function from Tb Te regression) Predicted VO2 - predicted oxygen consumption (ml O2/ gram animal / time ) using current relationship between metabolism and temperature EE - annual energy expenditure (kilocalorie/hour) EE - annual energy expenditure (kilojoule/hour) EE annual - annual energy expenditure assuming animal is active 12 hr/day 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [MR modeling panama.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 7 2. Number of cases/rows: 82 3. Variable List: Te - average annual operative temperature incorporating 3C uniform warming scenario occurring through century's end Year - year Predicted Tb - predicted body temperature (C) given operative temperature under warming scenario, adjusted to incorporate thermoregulation (via function from Tb Te regression) Predicted VO2 - predicted oxygen consumption (ml O2/ gram animal / time ) using current relationship between metabolism and temperature EE - annual energy expenditure (kilocalorie/hour) EE - annual energy expenditure (kilojoule/hour) EE annual - annual energy expenditure assuming animal is active 12 hr/day 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Sprint projection bahamas.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 3 2. Number of cases/rows: 82 3. Variable List: Year - year Predicted Tb - predicted body temperature (C) given operative temperature under warming scenario, adjusted to incorporate thermoregulation (via function from Tb Te regression) Predicted relative performance - predicted relative locomotor performance (meter/second) using current relationship between locomotion and temperature 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Sprint projection panama.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 3 2. Number of cases/rows: 82 3. Variable List: Year - year Predicted Tb - predicted body temperature (C) given operative temperature under warming scenario, adjusted to incorporate thermoregulation (via function from Tb Te regression) Predicted relative performance - predicted relative locomotor performance (meter/second) using current relationship between locomotion and temperature 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Sprint_thermal_sensitivity.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 6 2. Number of cases/rows: 65 3. Variable List: Lizard # - Lizard identifier Topt - thermal optima for locomotor performance (C) Pmax - maximum locomotor performance (m/s) Mass - mass (g) Country - population of individual sampled 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [TbTe_andmass.csv] 1. Number of variables: 8 2. Number of cases/rows: 692 3. Variable List: Lizard ID - Lizard identifier Time - time lizard sampled Date - date lizard sampled Mass - mass (g) of lizard Tb - field active body temperature (C) Te - operative environmental temperature (C) at time lizard caught #OTMS averaged - the number of operative temperature models that went in to averaged Te value Country - population of individual sampled 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [Hourly_Te.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 5 2. Number of cases/rows: 25 3. Variable List: Site - location Hour - hour data collected Temp median - median operative temperature (C) Se - standard error of operative temperature 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [daily_nightly_summary_Te.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 3 2. Number of cases/rows: 178 3. Variable List: Te - operative temperature (C) Category - min/max/mean Country - country sampled 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [monthly weather station data bahamas.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 3 2. Number of cases/rows: 178 3. Variable List: Date - date temp taken Temp - weather station air temp (C) Month - month data sampled 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/a DATA-SPECIFIC INFORMATION FOR: [monthly weather station data panama.xlsx] 1. Number of variables: 3 2. Number of cases/rows: 178 3. Variable List: Date - date temp taken Temp - weather station air temp (C) Month - month data sampled 4. Missing data codes: N/a - means data type were not collected from that individual. 5. Specialized formats or other abbreviations used: N/aPlease see the methods section of the published manuscrip

Habitat figure from Thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behaviour exhibit low heritability despite genetic divergence between lizard populations

Figure S1. Habitat structure differed between the sites on (A) Exuma and (B) Eleuthera

Eleuthera pedigree for ASReml from Thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behaviour exhibit low heritability despite genetic divergence between lizard populations

Eleuthera pedigree for ASRem

Raw data_thermoregulatory behaviour from Thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behaviour exhibit low heritability despite genetic divergence between lizard populations

Raw data_thermoregulatory behaviou

Raw data_sprint speeds from Thermal physiology and thermoregulatory behaviour exhibit low heritability despite genetic divergence between lizard populations

Raw data_sprint speed